
Glass 6 r<^f 

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State of Washington — Bureau of Statistics and Immigration 
I. M. HOWELL, 

SECRETARY OF STATE. EX-OFFICIO COMMISSIONER 



Dairying, Poultry and 
Stock Eaising 



=IN= 



WASHINGTON 



By HAEEY F. GILES, 
Deputy Commissioner 




OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON 
1912 



R WIT 



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ting, lo] 



E VICINITIES. 

IS are, as far as possible, the very 



stock 



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ig cattle. 



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t horses 
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Not at 
present 



EEMARKS 



Expenses for one year, $14,857.73; receipts, $20,640.19, 
More in feeding cows than selling hay. 

[tied farming. 
Do not recommend exclusively dairying, but diversi- 
Expenses for one year, $7,345; receipts, $10,500. 
j We make certified milk; expenses and income larger 
I than average. 
Intelligent farmers with energy needed. 

Gross receipts nearly $10,000; rented land. 
Operated by means of hired help. [stumps. 

Land yields 5 tons timothy to acre; all mine has 
Cows are all under 3i years old. 

We deliver milk and cream once a day in Davenport. 
Have three men at $40 per month. 
Expenses for 1911, $1,445; receipts, $2,910.37. 
Expenses for 1911, $510; receipts, $1,500. 

Expenses for 1911, $3,220; receipts, $4,955. 
Much money here in peas, beans and small fruits. 
Land may be bought for $12 per acre. [together. 

Cows, potatoes, carrots, oats, barley, etc., go well 

Expenses for 1911, $800; receipts, $1,685. 
Expenses for 1911, $2,260; receipts, $3,700. 
Some land at $50 per acre. 
Two crops of clover hay are raised each year. 
Land worth $25 per acre, 

I keep actual accounts the year round. 
Washington best state in Union for dairying. 

All products used in logging camps. 

Raised and consumed 60 tons hay, 30 tons roots. 

600 acres school land; leased. 

There is a co-operative creamery near. 

Complete records not kept. [here. 

Clover, timothy, alfalfa and roots grow splendidly 

Would seH on account of old age. 

Greatest trouble is in getting hired help. 

On leased land. 

Just starting in work. 






Sell sweet cream in Vancouver at 40c year round. 
Creamery sends wagon for cream twice a week. 
Land as low as $20 per acre. 



Land pastured after first cuttmg. 

120 acres in clover, timothy and grain; rest in pasture. 

Colonies could do better than individuals. 

Sold enough grain to buy all mill feed and alfalfa feed. 
Mountainous country and considerable range. 



TABLE SHOWING IN CONDENSED FORAI DESCRIPTIONS OF OTHER DAIRY RANCHES. TOGETHER WITH OPINIONS OF THE OWNERS OR MANAGERS AS TO CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES IN THEIR IMMEDIATE VICINITIES. 
This is Bubmitlcd for the purpose of furnishing more side-lights regarding the advantugcB in Washington and not for deducing any exact conclusions other thon tliat a general spirit of satisfaction nnd optimism pervades all sections of the state. The answers to queslions are, ns far as p 















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STATE or WASHINGTON 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

Bureau of Statistics and Immigration 

I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State 
E.x-Officio Commissioner 



DAIRYING, POULTRY AND 
STOCK RAISING 



IN 



^WASHINGTON 



By H. F. aiLES 
Depiaty- CoiTHTiissioner 




OLYMPIA, WASH.: 

E. L. BOARBMAN <=^^^ PUBLIC PRINTER. 
1912 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Office of the 
Bureau of Statistics and Immigration. 
Olympia, June W, 1912. 
Hon. I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio Commissioner. 

Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I have prepared and 
have the honor to transmit herewith a report deahng with dairy- 
ing, poultry and stock raising in the State of Washington, with 
a recommendation that an edition of 12,000 copies of same be 
pubhshed for general distribution in connection with the work 

of this department. 

Respectfully, 

H. F. Giles, 

Deputy Commissioner. 
Approved for publication, July 1, 1912. 
I. M. Howell, 

Ex-Ofpcio Commissioner. 



km 36 t^'? 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page 

Letter of Transmittal 4 

Foreword 7 

A General Summary of Livestock Industries 9 

30,000 Families Needed 9 

20,000,000 Acres of Land Idle 10 

Profitability Deciding Factor 10 

Nearly All Counties Adaptable 11 

Table Showing Value of Domestic Animals 11 

Horses Lead in Importance 11 

Beef Cattle Profitable 13 

Sheep 14 

Goats 14 

Bees 16 

Dairying in State of Washington 17 

General Development 17 

Adaptability of Washington for Dairying 23 

Markets and Transportation 30 

Valuable Helps from State and Individuals 34 

Opportunities for Getting Started 37 

Profits from Dairying 43 

Swine Raising in Washington 52 

Poultry Industry in Washington 62 

Superior Advantages 62 

Expressions from Pcultrymen 73 

Turkeys, Ducks, Geese and Other Fowls 85 

Tables Showing Number and Value of Domestic Animals 91 

List of Incorporated Towns and Their Population 94 

Insert Giving Condensed Descriptions of Farms. 
Map of State of Washington. 





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FOREWORD. 



The purpose of the following pages describing live stock in- 
dustries in the State of Washington is not to teach the details 
necessary for success in those enterprises, but merely to present 
a few facts showing the splendid possibilities connected there- 
with. 

This publication may be considered as a concentrated expres- 
sion representing the views of many busy workers who have 
kindly taken time to offer valuable suggestions or to send figures 
indicating the results of their own efforts. What these men and 
women have done can be duplicated by others who are willing 
to devote the necessary time and intelligent effort to the work. 
The desirable species of citizen never expects to win anything 
of value without labor ; and it is for such people especially that 
this report is prepared, with the hope that many will decide to 
come and profit by the excellent opportunities for home-building 
offered by the State of Washington. 

If anything herein should have the further effect of influenc- 
ing some, who are now struggling in the business centers of our 
own state, to seek the opportunities and comparative independ- 
ence lying just outside the confines of the bustling city, then 
another very desirable mission will have been performed. 

To the various commercial organizations, state officials, 
county assessors, individuals, and others who have rendered 
valuable assistance in contributing information and sugges- 
tions, this department cheerfully acknowledges due obligation. 





'- ^ 


















A GENERAL SUMMARY OF LIVESTOCK INDUSTRIES. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Washington extends a cordial welcome to home seekers and 
home builders. This invitation is for men and women who have 
thus far been unsuccessful in realizing their life's wishes, as 
well as for those who for any reason are dissatisfied with their 
present abodes and are in search of different scenery, a change 
in climate, and better opportunities to engage in gainful pur- 
suits. Men who care to develop lands or live on farms are 
especially invited, as here there are many broad acres of un- 
developed country awaiting the willing hand of the industrious 
builder. A little capital, ordinary ability and willingness to 
work can hardly fail to bring the owner ample returns and real 
contentment when such forces are directed anywhere within the 
boundaries of this new and growing state. 

30,000 FAMILIES NEEDED. 

Thirty thousand families are needed right now to help feed 
the 700,000 and more people that are kept busy in the mer- 
cantile and manufacturing pursuits of the city. They are es- 
pecially needed to help supply the meat, dairy products and 
poultry products that must in a large measure at present, be 
shipped clear from the Mississippi valley, Montana, Idaho, Ore- 
gon, and California. To be sure the farmers are doing the best 
possible to feed the cit}^ population, but the barely 60,000 farm 
operators can scarcely be expected to supply the wants of their 
own families and also contribute sufficient for the maintenance 
of a large and constantly increasing urban population. Ev- 
ery year miles of cars laden with cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, 
eggs, butter and cheese, as well as much other farm produce, 
may be witnessed filing over the mountains. 



10 Livestock Industries 



20,000,000 ACRES OF LAND IDLE. 

In the meantime twenty million acres of land are lying idle 
for the want of developers. They include unimproved private 
lands, state lands, railroad lands, and federal lands ; logged-off 
lands, prairie lands, irrigated lands, and dry farming lands ; all 
classes of soil varieties ranging from a light sandy loam to 
heavy black river bottom. Probably no county in the state is 
without agricultural land of one type or another, available to 
the settler at reasonable prices and on easy terms. This land 
would supply millions of people with the necessities and com- 
forts of life. Much of it is equal to the richest in the world, 
while practically all is suitable for some kind of profitable 
growth or other, including pasture for livestock. 

With a fair percentage of this land placed under cultivation 
no further need would exist for sending away millions of dol- 
lars in order to get the necessities of, life for Washington peo- 
ple. Instead, this money could be distributed among Wash- 
ington farmers, and Washington enterprises could be further 
financed and benefited. 

PROFITABILITY DECIDING FACTOR. 

However, the purpose of this report is not to dwell on the 
advantages of general farming in Washington, as that has 
been done in other pamphlets ; but rather to encourage livestock 
industries, and particularly those relating to dairying and 
poultry raising. 

Domestic animals have always been the friends of mankind, 
doing the best their breed and environment would permit. No 
matter what the treatment, still they have always striven to 
yield the returns possible under the circumstances. 

Although a certain number of these are necessary on the 
average farm, nevertheless, when it comes to raising them as a 
business, the question of profit is bound to be the main consid- 
eration with the producer. Competition gets keen as civiliza- 
tion advances, so that the most favorable location must be 
found before extensive enterprises of any nature are going to 
be carried on. 



General Summary 11 



NEARLY ALL COUNTIES ADAPTABLE. 

There are no parts of Washington that will not support live- 
stock of one kind or another. The days of the range system to 
be sure are practically over. No more do the herds of horses 
and cattle roam at will over the wide area, choosing the richest 
pasture wherever it may be. They must now be confined to 
narrower quarters, and must be satisfied with less freedom. 

However, this condition works a benefit to the animals as well 
as to the owners. The same quantity of land is now made to 
support many times the number that could be kept in former 
days, in better condition, and more perfect in breed. 

Horses, mules, beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, poul- 
try, and bees are all produced in Washington, and all, under 
proper management, pay splendid dividends to the owners. 

TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, POULTRY AND BEES 
IN WASHINGTON AT DATES INDICATED. 

1910 1900 Increase.* 

(April 15) (Junel) 

Per cent. Per cent. Per 

Kind. Value. distri- Value. distri- Amount. cent, 

hution. 'button. 

Total $48,865,110 100.0 $22,159,207 100.0 $26,705,903 120.5 

Cattle 12,193,465 25.0 9,440,038 42.6 2,753,427 29.2 

Horses and colts 29,680,849 60.7 8,550,434 38.6 21,130,415 247.1 
Mules and mule 

colts 1,776,297 3.6 138,185 0.6 1,638,112 1,185.5 

Asses and burros 82,405 0.2 16,481 0.1 65,924 400.0 

Swine 1,674,927 3.4 830,704 3.7 844,223 101.6 

Sheep and lambs 1,931,170 4.0 2,450,929 11.1 — 519,759 — 21.2 

Goats and kids . . 31,662 0.1 10,757 (t) 20,905 194.3 

Poultry 1,367,440 2.8 614,838 2.8 752,602 122.4 

Bees 126,895 0.3 106,841 0.5 20,054 18.8 

* A minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease, t Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
HORSES LEAD IN IMPORTANCE. 

In relative importance, the horse distances all other stock put 
together, approximating three-fifths of the aggregate value of 
all livestock in the entire state. The greatest increase during 
the past decade has also been in horses. Four-fifths of the ac- 
tual gain in hvestock has been from this source. With a valu- 
ation in 1900, of $8,550,434 they had grown in 1910 to the 
value of $29,680,849, an increase of 247.1%. This is not due 



General Summary 13 



entirely to number and better quality, although these represent 
partial reasons, but also to the great demand for first class 
work horses by private parties, and for good saddle horses by 
the United States government. The average value of horses in 
the states has grown during the past 45 years from $59.00 to 
$111.67 and the chances are for still further increase. 

Geo. K. Holms, Chief of the Division of Production and Dis- 
tribution of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics, in speaking of horses 
used for operating farm machinery, says : 

"Herein lies the strength of the horse as an economic animal. 
He has been assailed by the bicycle, the electric street and sub- 
urban car, and by the automobile, but all combined have not 
prevented horses from increasing in numbers and in value. As 
a source of farm power and as a substitute for human labor in 
combination with machines the horse's economical place on the 
farm is more strongly established than ever before." 

The counties in which this industry has been chiefly developed 
are Whitman, Lincoln, Yakima, Okanogan, Douglas, Garfield, 
Grant, Adams, King, Pierce, and Walla Walla. 

MULES INCREASING. 

To supplement the horse the raising of mules has suddenly 
taken a wonderful stride, increasing thirteen fold in the brief 
course of 10 years. Walla Walla, Adams, Whitman, Lincoln, 
and Columbia are the leading counties in this respect. 

The general sentiment in all these counties is well stated by 
D. B. Campbell, assessor of Lincoln county: 

"Most of the farmers take considerable pride in raising good 
horses and mules ; in fact all who are able to own good stock 
seem to be very much interested in trying to improve what they 
have. They have found it profitable for their own use, and 
usually have found ready buyers who were willing to pay good 
prices for any good stock they had for sale." 

BEEF CATTLE PROFITABLE. 

Nearly all parts of the state contribute some cattle for beef. 
However, the industry is carried on as a business chiefly in the 
eastern counties of which the largest producers are Okanogan, 



14 Livestock Industries 



Whitman, Lincoln, Yakima, Kittitas, Adams, Klickitat, Walla 
Walla, and Garfield. 

When there is no range it is usually a question with the 
farmer as to whether it will pay him most to sell his hay and 
other feed, or whether he can make more by fattening cattle. 

There is never a time when a good market does not exist. 
Figures gathered from five firms that ship cattle from other 
states indicate that beef cattle and calves, valued at nearly 
$7,000,000.00 in the hoof, were brought into Washington for 
consumption during the year 1911. 

The short mild winters are particularly inducive to this line 
of work, especially in the counties where pasture plays an im- 
portant part. 

SHEEP. 

Many fortunes have been made in the past from the raising 
of sheep. Money can still be made from them, but as time goes 
on it will be necessary to raise them in smaller flocks and chiefly 
on land that is fenced in, since the ranges are already prac- 
tically utilized by those now in the business. All the mutton, 
lamb, and wool that can be produced finds a ready market in 
Washington and at good prices. About $1,000,000 worth of 
sheep and lambs alone were shipped into the state during 1911, 
principally from Montana, Idaho, Utah, and Oregon. 

The industry is carried on chiefly in eastern Washington and 
particularly in the counties of Kittitas, Asotin, Klickitat, Walla 
Walla, Franklin, Yakima, Whitman, Columbia, Benton, Adams, 
Garfield, Grant, and Okanogan. Of the western counties San 
Juan alone produces an appreciable quantity. 

GOATS. 

There are upwards of 10,000 goats of the Angora breed in 
Washington, and found principally in the counties of Clarke, 
Lewis, Pierce and Thurston, although nearly all the counties, 
especially of the western part of the state, have a few. That 
still more attention is not given them is probably due to the 
fact that the actual value of goats is not generally realized. The 



16 Livestock Industries 



farmers who have them, as a usual thing, would not want to 
part with them. They are particularly valuable on logged-off 
areas, especially hill lands, and where there is plenty of under- 
brush, as this is the sort of stuff they thrive on, gradually clear- 
ing the land by eating up the small tree growth. At the same 
time they aid materially in improving the pasture, as goat 
manure is considered equal to that of sheep as a fertilizer. The 
mohair will fetch from 20c to 40c per pound, the fleece varying 
from 3 to 6 pounds in weight. The flesh of kids and yearlings 
makes excellent meat, preferred by many to mutton. They are 
also valuable for their skins and some classes will give from one 
to two quarts of milk per day. Taken all together, the goat 
will give a larger margin of profit than any other animal, and 
requires comparatively little care. 

BEES. 

It is not necessary to dwell on the advantages of bee culture. 
Splendid opportunities exist for this enterprise, as there are 
many flowers consisting of clover, alfalfa, and fruit blossoms 
in both eastern and western Washington. It forms an excel- 
lent side proposition for the average farmer, especially such 
that have orchards, for the bee is considered a great benefactor 
in pollenizing the blossoms. There are upwards of 35,000 
colonies of bees in the state, valued at about $140,000. One 
farmer in ten keeps a few. The leading counties are Yakima, 
Clarke, Lewis, Skagit, Walla Walla, Whatcom, and Whitman. 
There is always a market for both wax and honey. 



DAIRYING IN STATE OF WASHINGTON, 



GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. 



SOME IMPORTANT REASONS. 
Perhaps no agricultural subject has of late years commanded 
greater attention in the State of Washington than that of 
dairying. There are several principal reasons for this. One 
of the strongest is the ever increasing demand for dairy prod- 
ucts by a large and rapidly growing city population. Sup- 
plementing this is the immediate and certain cash remunera- 
tion that rewards the efforts of those engaged in the enterprise. 
Another of almost equal importance is the unquestioned value 
of the fertilizer secured and the resulting perpetuation of the 
productiveness of the land benefited thereby. However, the 
growth of this industry is far short of the needs of the people 
and the possibilities attendant upon the natural advantages 
afforded by the state for its successful propagation. Undoubt- 
edly the present interest shown and the careful investigations 
being made by many engaged in the work will have a decided 
influence in adding impetus to its further development. 

CENSUS FIGURES. 

The census returns for 1910 give as the total number of 
dairy cows in Washington 186,233, valued at $7,988,133. In 
1900 there were 107,232 cows valued at $4,076,189. Thus is 
indicated an increase of 73% in number of cows and 96% in 
total valuation. It can be seen from this that their valuation 
has increased about 1 1-3 times as fast as the number. 

In point of number King county leads with 18,166. Other 
counties with more than 10,000 and less than 12,000 are Sno- 
homish, Clarke, Whatcom, Skagit, Pierce and Lewis. Counties 
with less than 10,000 and more than 5,000 include Spokane, 
Whitman, Yakima, Stevens (including Pend Oreille), Thurs- 
ton and Okanogan. Counties containing more than 2,000 and 

—2 



18 Dairying in Washvngton 

less than 5,000 are Lincoln, Chehalis, Clallam, Walla Walla, 
Kittitas and Pacific. . All the other counties with the exception 
of Skamania and Franklin were credited with between 1,000 

and 3,000. 

SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT. 

The numbers given above are not indicative of the propor- 
tionate degree of scientific advancement made in the various 
counties. This is shown not so much in numerical increase 
as in the improvement of the breeds, the enlarged productivity 
per cow, and the general care in related industries. Kittitas 
county, although one of the smaller counties in point of number 
of dairy cows, is unsurpassed in quality of butter and general 
scientific development. 

The possibilities for excellent herd records are also being 
more thoroughly realized. "Boarders" are gradually being 
weeded out and greater care is given to methods of feeding as 
well as to the proper utilization of all side-products. 

The results of such a study are well exemplified in the gradual 
increase of average milk production per cow of the herd owned 
by C. W. Orton, manager of the Orton Dairy Farm of Sumner. 
Mr. Orton, who daily ships his milk to Seattle, won first place 
among all contestants of the entire United States at Milwaukee 
last fall for the best certified milk supplied to any city. The 
following figures are given not as representing anything big, 
but as showing the steady increase which was made in a herd 
where the proper effort was made for improvement. Better 
cows, better feed, better housing, and better attention are re- 
sponsible for the advance. The figures were taken in midwinter 

of each year: Average mim 

Date production 

per cow. 

January 1, 1904 11 pounds 

December 31, 1904 16 pounds 

December 31, 1905 15 pounds 

December 31, 1906 18 pounds 

December 31, 1907 20 pounds 

December 31, 1908 21 pounds 

December 31, 1909 25 pounds 

December 31, 1910 22 pounds 

December 31, 1911 26 pounds 



General Development 19 

. MANY MODERN DAIRY FARMS. 
Other evidences of progress are seen on every hand. Sani- 
tary conditions are carefully considered and all buildings are 
constructed with a view to the comfort of the cows and the 
greatest care for the milk. They vary from the humble, though 
sanitary wooden buildings of the small dairyman, to the large 
imposing structures of most modem design. The most modem 
dairy farm west of the Mississippi river is claimed by Wash- 
ington. This is the Hollywood Ranch, owned by Fred Stimp- 
son, just across Lake Washington and a few miles from Seattle, 
which city it supplies daily with certified milk produced from 
thoroughbred Holstein cows. In the same vicinity, as well as 
in different parts of the state, there are many others approach- 
ing this in thoroughness and completeness, representing the 
best purebred cattle, including Holsteins, Jerseys, Ayrshires, 
Guernseys, Durhams, as well as some good mixed breeds. Al- 
though it is not necessary nor advisable for the average farmer 
to expend for buildings sums of money out of proportion to his 
capital, nevertheless the presence of these shows the large con- 
fidence many men have in this as a dairy state. 

WORLD'S RECORDS. 
It has been for the State of Washington to win the laurels 
for the development of a number of cows that have made world's 
records in their particular spheres. One of these, "Marjie 
Newman," a Holstein cow owned by Chas. Eldridge, of Chima- 
cum, Jefferson county, has broken all records for a single day's 
milk production. Her work is shown in the following figures : 

136.5 pounds milk in. .. . 1 day 

895.6 pounds milk in. .. . 7 consecutive days 
3,555.1 pounds milk in .... 30 consecutive days 

5.22 pounds butter in... 1 day 
83 pounds butter in . . . 7 consecutive days 
132 pounds butter in ... 30 consecutive days 

The Munroe Company, near Spokane, has a cow which holds 
the world's record for all four-year-old Holsteins ; her work 
being as follows : 

35 pounds butter in 7 days 

142 pounds butter in 30 days 

2,886 pounds milk in 30 days 




A Few World's Record Dairy Cattle. 

"Peter Pan," Grand Champion Bull of Great Britain and America ; "Marjie 

Newman," "Netherhall Brownie 9th," "Bonnie Lass Pauline," "Gerties 

Stokes Pages," and other prize winners. See pages 19, 21 and 49. 



General Development 21 

J. W. Clise, who owns a large dairy farm of purebred Ayr- 
shires near Redmond, 12 miles from Seattle, was the owner of 
"Netherhall Brownie 9." This cow broke the world's record 
for all Ayrshires both in milk and butter fat production for 
365 consecutive days. Her official record for that period was 
18,110 pounds of milk and 820.91 pounds of butter fat. 

John L. Smith, manager of the Hazelwood Holstein Farms 
in Spokane and Ferry counties, claims two world's records for 
butter production. "Hazelwood Aaggie DeKol," three and a 
quarter years of age, bred in Spokane, produced 34.89 pounds 
of butter in 7 days and 103 pounds of milk in one day, the 
former record for three-year-olds being 3% pounds less. "Ger- 
ben Queen" made a new record for cows oA^er 8 years old, pro- 
ducing 36.41 pounds of butter in 7 days and 134.30 pounds in 
30 days ; milk, 122 pounds in one day. Her stable mate "Bon- 
nie Lassie Pauline," 5 years old, produced 33.78 pounds of but- 
ter in 7 days and 133.67 pounds in 30 days. 

OTHER GOOD RECORDS. 
By way of further example of the advancement made in 
Washington's dairy industry, the following splendid records 
were supplied by the dairy and food inspector, showing the 
work of a few prize winners at the state fair which took place 
at North Yakima in September of 1911. No account of feed 
consumed was kept. The cows were tested twice a day for two 
days in succession. The skim milk was estimated at 20c per 
cwt., and the butter fat at 30c per pound. 

WM. TODD & SONS, Owner. 

Cascade Violet Cornucopia. 
Time. j^jnj^^ rp^^^ Butter Value of Value of Total 

September 28 — ■ fat. milk. butter fat. value. 

5 A. M, 24.6 4.0 .984 $0,049 $0,295 $0,344 

1 P. M 23.6 3.8 .897 .047 .269 .316 

8 P. M 22.0 2.4 .528 .044 .158 .202 

September 29 — 

5 A. M 28.6 2.3 .658 .058 .197 .255 

1 P. M 28.2 2.6 .733 .056 .220 .276 

8 P. M 25.9 3.8 .984 .052 .295 .347 

Total or aver.. . .152.9 3.12 3.78 $0,306 $1,434 $1,740 



Dairying in Washington 



A. C. MILLS, Owner. 

Bracelet Baker of Hazelwood. 

Time. Milk. Test. Butter Value of Value of Total 

fat. milk. butter fat. value. 
September 28 — 

5 A. M 31.5 2.7 .851 $0,063 $0,255 $0,318 

1P.M. 29.9 2.8 .837 .060 .251 .311 

8 P. M 29.0 3.2 .928 .058 .278 .336 

September 29 — 

5 A. M 29.1 2.2 .640 .058 .192 .250 

1 P. M 29.0 2.6 .754 .058 .226 .284 

8 P. M 25.5 2.8 .714 .051 .214 .265 

Total or aver.. . .174.0 2.71 4.72 $0,348 $1,416 $1,764 

W. O. MORROW, Owner. 

Morrow's Select. 

Time. Milk. Test. Butter Value of Value of Total 

fat. milk. Gutter fat. value. 
September 28 — ■ 

5 A. M 17.1 4.9 .838 $0,034 $0,251 $0,285 

1 P. M 16.0 5.2 .832 .032 .249 .281 

8 P. M 13.8 5.7 .787 .028 .236 „264 

September 29 — • 

5 A. M 18.1 4.9 .887 .036 .266 .302 

1 P. M 16.2 5.7 .923 .032 • .277 .309 

8 P. M 14.2 6.3 .895 .028 .268 .296 

Total or aver.... 95.4 5.41 5.162 $0,190 $1,547 $1,737 

Many other cows of various breeds and in different parts of 

the state have produced enviable records and help to demon- 
strate by practical results that Washington is admirably suited 
to this industry, comparing well with the best known dairy sec- 
tions of the world. 

In the following pages an attempt will be made to show from 
the immigrants' standpoint many other reasons why the "Ever- 
green State" is splendidly adapted to this line of work. Mar- 
kets, general opportunity, profitability, etc., will all be dis- 
cussed in order. 



Adaptability 23 



ADAPTABILITY OF WASHINGTON FOR DAIRYING. 



Nearly • all sections of the state are suitable for dairying, 
since practically all parts are blessed with the natural condi- 
tions necessary for the success of the industry. The other 
features such as markets, transportation, general profitability, 
etc., being discussed at length on other pages of this pamphlet, 
the following paragraphs will be devoted to a summary of the 
natural advantages alone. 

THE COW A FACTORY. 

Conducting a profitable dairy business is not a question 
merely of whether a cow can live in a certain section, but one 
of where she will thrive to the very best advantage and con- 
tribute the largest percentage of profit to the owner. Since 
she is likened to a factory in that she takes raw material and 
turns it into refined products suitable for domestic consumption, 
the problem resolves itself first of all into determining the 
place where this manufacturing process can be carried on with 
the greatest showing in the way of returns. Cheap feed, 
large milk production per cow, big percentage of butter fat, 
and a stiff price for butter and cream would constitute the 
main features for a dairyman's happiest dream. Although it 
can never be expected that he will feel absolutely satisfied with 
conditions anywhere, still it must be admitted that the State of 
Washington offers as fair opportunities for the realization of 
this dream of bliss as any other section of the entire world. All 
that is needed to insure the greatest possible contentment is a 
proper manipulation of the many splendid advantages. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 
Topography, soil, water, vegetation, climate, and general 
freedom from discouraging diseases are all natural advantages 
created for the best interests of the dairy cows of Washington 
and for contributing in the largest measure to the general satis- 
faction of the people. The mountains and highlands of Wash- 
ington have an important influence on all other conditions. 













#|^^A^^1 



Adaptability 



Besides having a general influence on the chmate they fomi 
repositories for vast stores of moisture which in the spring and 
summer time flow in many a beautiful stream down to the fertile 
valleys below, contributing plenty of pure water for the farms 
in nearly all parts of the state. 

CLIMATE. 

The climatic conditions necessary for success in any livestock 
enterprises are particularly favorable. Freedom from extremes 
of any kind as well as from sudden changes, such that in many 
states often cause great loss and suffering, is an advantage 
peculiar to the great State of Washington. All parts of the 
state are noted for the general mildness of the winters, as there 
is seldom a day when the cows may not be turned out into the 
fields, thus giving them throughout the year the benefits of 
sufficient exercise, and plenty of fresh air. For those who have 
considerable pasture land this forms a very important item of 
feeding as in many cases pasturage can be utilized which might 
otherwise go to waste. 

The annual normal temperature for western Washington, as 
deduced from a long period of years, is about 51 degrees ; for 
the country in the vicinit}^ of Spokane about 48 degrees, and 
near Walla Walla 5S degrees. The lowest monthly normal for 
the same period in the vicinity of Seattle is 39 degrees, near 
Spokane 27 degrees, and Walla Walla 33 degrees. The highest 
monthly normal near Seattle is 64 degrees, Spokane 69 degrees, 
Walla Walla 74 degrees. 

The mean temperature in some localities for the year 1910: 

Loicest Highest Annual, 
monthly. monthly. 

Aberdeen 37.4 58.3 49.5 

Bellingham 37 61.9 50.2 

Olympia 36.9 62.2 50.1 

Seattle 38.3 62.6 50.9 

Tacoma 37.8 62.6 50.6 

Vancouver 35.8 67.6 52.7 

Wenatchee 24.2 71.4 48.3 

North Yakima 27.5 74.4 51.8 

Spokane 36.2 71.6 49.5 

Walla Walla 30.8 76.2 53.9 

Ellensburg 21.4 68.6 47.1 



Dairying in Washington 



SOILS. 

The soil is so varied in the different sections that it would be 
difficult to give in the space permitted here any fair description 
of the different varieties as they exist; however, the state col- 
lege has published bulletins on this subject which may be secured 
on application to the director of the Experiment Station at 
Pullman. The chief item of interest to most people is whether 
there can be produced in sufficient abundance a varied vegeta- 
tion suitable for the well balanced ration of domestic animals. 

VEGETATION IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. 

That these soils yield large crops well suited for dairy cattle 
is certain. The best kinds of forage crops known grow pro- 
fusely. Prof. H. W. Sparks, superintendent of the Depart- 
ment of Farm Demonstration of the Washington State College, 
in an article which appeared in the Oregonian, says : 

"We believe there are few if any places in all our land that 
offer as many inducements to the home-builder as parts of 
western Washington, possessing as it does a climate and soil 
that produces wonderful results. We have measured and 
weighed twenty-seven and eight-tenths tons of the best quality 
of forage crops for the dairy cow per acre. We have seen three 
crops from the same land in one season ; two of vetch and grain 
followed by corn that matured sufficiently for excellent feed." 

At the Western Washington Experiment Station at Puyallup 
there have been produced excellent crops illustrating the pos- 
sibilities of western Washington. 

Carrots 46.5 — 67.9 tons per acre 

Mangels 50 — 77.4 tons per acre 

Rutabagas 38 — 50.2 tons per acre 

Thousand-headed kale . 66 tons per acre 

Marrow cabbage 80 tons per acre 

Field peas (seed) 45 bushels per acre 

Rye 34 — 50 bushels per acre 

Winter wheat 50.5 bushels per acre 

Oats may be raised in quantities ranging from 50 to 125 
bushels per acre. Vetch hay will go as high as 25 and 30 tons 
per acre. Clover, timothy, and all grasses yield very heavy, 
thus making the feed problem a very simple one. 



Adaptability/ 27 



The kale mentioned above is very hardy and will keep green 
the year round, while the marrow cabbage will stand the greater 
part of^the year. It is estimated that this latter will, under 
most favorable conditions and when its cultivation is more 
thoroughly understood, produce as high as 100 tons to a single 
acre. By picking off the leaves as needed, these plants will 
supply excellent green feed for all the dry period and nearly 
all the winter season. 

EASTERN WASHINGTON VEGETATION. 

In eastern Washington the fresh feed problem is well solved 
by the large crops of alfalfa, peas, and corn. Alfalfa is con- 
sidered one of the best all-round forage plants in existence and 
will yield from 4 to 10 tons of hay per acre. This will produce 
more rapid growth in the cattle than anything in eastern states. 
One breeder claims to have raised yearly heifers weighing 1,000 
pounds, and nine-month calves weighing 750 to 800 pounds. 
Alfalfa is also a good milk producer as is certified to in many 
of the statements contained elsewhere. 

Timothy, clover, root crops and all the cereal grains are 

raised so that a good variety of feed is attainable, making it 

very practicable to secure the best kind of a balanced ration the 

year round. 

SOME SUCCESSFUL MEN. 

The adaptability of the different parts of the state for this 
industry as well as the related side industries is further shown 
by the experience of men in various localities. Space forbids 
quoting from more than a few. 

W. R. Thomas, Ellensburg, Kittitas county, has about 600 
acres of land and is engaged chiefly in cattle raising. 

"Stock raising and dairying is the chief enterprise of this valley. 
I have 600 acres of land, somewhere near 400 head of cattle, 35 or 40 
head of horses, and from 15 to 20 milch cows. I keep hogs enough for 
family use, but do not often sell any. It does not cost very much to 
keep what hogs I need, for I always have skimmed milk, and lots of 
fruit, and I feed quite a lot of apples and pears that are specked and 
not salable. I like the Poland-China hogs better than any other, and 
for range stock I like the Short Horn, and for dairying purposes my 



1 








1 


1^ 


3-^^^HHI 


n 

1 

1 







Adaptability/ 29 



favorite stock is a cross between the Short Horn and the Jersey. * * * 
I raise about 200 tons of hay, some alfalfa, some timothy, some timothy 
and clover, and some grain hay." 

Mr. W. H. Taylor, Malo, Ferry county, Washington, says : 
"* * * This being a mountainous country, partly, there is consid- 
erable range for cattle when not in milk. We keep 10 Jersey cows, not 
all in milk all of the time. Some farmers milk Durham and mixed 
breeds in summer, not in winter. We raise alfalfa and grain hay, and 
feed carrots in winter. We raise grain and potatoes for market; there- 
fore, we are not exclusively dairymen, but if it were followed as a 
business could be carried on very profitably. This being practically a 
new country there are but few farmers prepared to carry on dairying 
properly." 

Bernhard Papken, Curlew, Ferry county, says: 
"I have been a resident of this section for the last 10 years and find 
that with practical farming, anyone is able to do well. But as any- 
where else good common sense is needed. My farm is located on the 
south slope and irrigation is very beneficial if procurable. I use the 
water in the early spring for timothy, clover and alfalfa. The main 
thing that we need in this country is some good intelligent farmers 
that have lots of energy." 

Jacob Broderius, Northport, Stevens county, says : 
"The country surrounding is adapted for dairying and fruit raising 
only, and I do not believe there is a better spot in the State of Wash- 
ington. Our surplus goes to the mining camps of British Columbia. 
There are several places for rent or for sale. All we lack are people 
that are willing to work. They can all make a good living and a little 
money. Land is ranging from $10 to $50 per acre. I have several 
ranches for rent at very small price. Kindly write me for any other 
information." 

A wide-awake farmer of Nile, Yakima county, says : 
"I find the best way of marketing hay here, is to feed it to the 
cows and sell the cream, as in that way it brings me more than double 
market price. In comparing this country with the east; I was in old 
Pennsylvania five years ago and visited a dairy there; a few days they 
fed their cows (pure bred Jerseys) ground oats, oil meal, malt and all 
kinds of things. When I came home mine were giving three times 
the amount of milk on straight hay. My barn cost about twelve hun- 
dred, theirs cost that many thousand. I feed all the hay the cows will 
pick over and then feed stems to young stock. I pay out about $800 
for hired help per year. Two creamery companies come to the farms 
for cream." 



30 Dairying in Washington 



MARKETS AND TRANSPORTATION. 



IMPORTED INTO WASHINGTON. 
With the present means available it is difficult to obtain exact 
accounts of the annual imports of dairy products into the State 
of Washington. However, from figures gathered by Hon. L. 
Davies, the state dairy inspector, it is estimated that the ship- 
ments amount to at least $7,000,000 annually. This is a very 
conservative figure and the probability is that it will approach 
the $10,000,000 mark. In fact it is believed by some commis- 
sion men that 75% of the butter and 90% of the cheese con- 
sumed in the state is imported. One firm alone shipped 1,- 
000,000 pounds of butter and 10 cars of cheese in the year 
1911, while several others brought in similar quantities. 

SOURCES OP SUPPLY. 
Kansas and Nebraska seem to be the main sources for our 
butter supply, while Wisconsin and Oregon send us much of 
the cheese. Other important states are Minnesota, Iowa, the 
Dakotas and California. Since the freight from the Mississippi 
states amounts to about 2%c a pound on butter and cheese, 
the Washington farmer can always consider this as an added 
advantage when competing with imports from that locality. 

LOCAL CONSUMPTION. 

Nearly all imported goods are for consumption in the large 
cities. The continually increasing population of these centers 
tends also to the creation of a great demand for what are 
usually termed luxuries and especially ice cream. Those own- 
ing dairies within or close to these cities have a splendid oppor- 
tunity to dispose of the fresh milk and sweet cream at the very 
best prices. 

E. E. Flood, superintendent of the Broadview Dairy Farm, 
Rosalia, Whitman county, where 550 cows are milked daily, 
says: 

"The real reason why we milk so many cows is that we are 
compelled to supply our trade in Spokane, and milk that is 



Markets and Transportation 31 

supplied as we do brings a high price, 20c per gallon on the 
farm." 

However, it is no longer necessary for the farmers to rely 
on the local trade. The creameries and condenseries will take 
all the milk and cream they can secure, manufacturing it into 
products that are famous the world round. 

ALASKA GOOD MARKET. 

One of the best outside markets for Washington products and 
one which is bound to grow with the future development of the 
country is the territory of Alaska. Although at present in her 
infancy, but with rapid advancement assured, she will undoubt- 
edly soon require much larger shipments of Washington's sweet 
flavored butter, and rich condensed milk. 

NEARLY 200 CREAMERIES. 

Nearly 200 creameries were reported by the dairy and food 
inspector for the year 1910, about three-fourths of them being 
in the counties of western Washington. Some of these have 
difficulty in securing the amount of cream corresponding to their 
capacity. The method employed by many of these concerns, 
which are usually established in the midst of rapidly developing 
dairy sections, is to send out wagons at regular intervals, two 
or three times a week, and collect from the farmers their ac- 
cumulated cream, paying prices according to the percentage of 
butter fat contained. These prices run from 30c to 40c per 
pound. Since nearly every Washington dairyman has a sepa- 
rator, this makes a very convenient method for disposing of his 
product. In fact the inducements to sell are usually so good 
that many a farmer hesitates at using much pure cream or 
whole milk for domestic purposes, preferring to turn it into 
the ready cash with which all other needs can be so readily 
satisfied. 

THIRTEEN CONDENSED MILK PLANTS. 

There are thirteen condensed milk plants located as follows: 
Two at Mt. Vernon and one each at Everson, Ferndale, Stan- 
wood, Snohomish, Monroe, Issaquah, Kent, Auburn, Chehalis, 



Markets and Transportation 33 

Montesano, and Washougal'. The total output of these plants 
amounts to between $4,000,000 and $5,000,000 yearly, utHizing 
in the neighborhood of 125,000,000 pounds of whole milk. Al- 
though much of this is consumed in the state the larger portion 
is shipped to points outside, as a strong demand exists for 
Washington's condensed milk in all parts of the world. With 
this outside demand steadily increasing, there is scarcely any 
danger of overdoing this phase of the industry, so long as the 
farmers will supply the necessary quantity of milk. Wherever 
plenty of milk can be obtained there is usually capital willing to 
start such an enterprise. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The successful marketing of dairy products is closely linked 
with the transportation facilities of the country. That these 
are ample in Washington is best demonstrated by a statement 
of figures. 

There are nearly 6,000 miles of steam railroads in the state, 
besides many miles of electric interurbans, forming a veritable 
network of rails and connecting the large centers with nearly 
all the smaller communities. It is quite common also for the 
railroad companies to supplement the regular service with single 
gasoline cars that really fulfill all the requirements of the usual 
electric interurban. Public highways are constantly receiving 
great attention from both state and county authorities. Very 
few sections of the state are without good roads and the ex- 
pectations are that the next legislature will appropriate over a 
million dollars more for the creation of broad thoroughfares. 

Nearly 1,200 miles of river have been made navigable while 
2,500 miles of water front secures excellent transportation be- 
tween the sound and coast cities. It is a common sight at many 
stations in the dairy regions to see, almost any day, the regular 
accumulation of milk cans waiting for the daily express, the in- 
terurban or the river or sound boats to ship them to the large 
cities, the creameries or the thirsty and insatiable condenseries. 
—3 



34 Dairying in Washington 



VALUABLE HELPS FROM STATE AND INDIVIDUALS. 



The prospective dairyman may feel assured that all reason- 
able assistance will be rendered by state authorities, local or- 
ganizations and private individuals for the purpose of increas- 
ing his chances of success. It is thoroughly realized that the 
future of Washington depends upon the prosperity of each 
individual worker. 

DAIRY INSPECTOR. 

A state dairy expert with several deputies is employed to 
assist and advise the dairymen in the best and most advanced 
methods of carrying on the work. Every dairy farm in the 
state is visited and valuable suggestions are given wherever 
needed or requested. Up to November 1, 1910, 5,904 dairies 
had been visited, including 63,469 cows. The following extract 
from the last biennial report of Hon. L. Davies, the present 
state dairy and food inspector, indicates the extent of the work 
contemplated : 

"Care is taken in these visits to give all the time needed at each 
place, and in many instances but from three to five dairies are visited 
a day, and not to exceed eight to ten in any case. While at the dairy 
farms talks are had with the proprietor, and wife and children if pos- 
sible, on any subject he desires relative to the dairy industry. Rather 
than 'you must do thus and so' statements, our talk is advisory and 
why it will be better for the people to do as we require, as well as bet- 
ter for the financial interests of the dairymen. The talks thus given 
cover feeding and breeding of cattle, sanitary conditions of cattle and 
all buildings and utensils, construction of barn and milk house, condi- 
tion of employes, care and condition of utensils, care of the milk and 
cream as soon as produced and until same is in the hands of the con- 
sumers; in fact, everything connected with the production of a good, 
sanitary and pure dairy product is discussed. 

"This instruction is carried to all dairymen wherever their product 
is sent, whether to city milk supply, creamery, cheese factory, or con- 
densory. It is a pleasure to state that fully 90 per centum of the dairy- 
men appreciate the instructional work, and reports from second visits 
to sections thus thoroughly gone over demonstrate that the work is 
bearing fruit and a much better dairy product is coming from these 
sections, and a much greater interest is being manifested by the dairy- 
men in the grade of their output and consequent increased financial 



Valuable Helps 35 



return to them. Creameries, condensers and those handling dairy- 
products are, to a great extent, lending a helping hand in this work." 

The deputy inspectors as well as the professors of the state 
agricultural college hold many public meetings at convenient 
centers for the purpose of giving more extensive suggestions 
to the people in that vicinity. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
In addition to much valuable institute work the State College 
maintains a special dairy department. Complete courses are 
given, covering all the features connected with the various 
branches of the dairying industry. This course, like other de- 
partments of the college, are free to all residents of Washing- 
ton. The State University at Seattle is also ready w^ith its 
laboratories to render any assistance possible. 

EXPERIMENT STATION AND FREE PAMPHLET. 
In connection with the State College are three experiment 
stations, one at Pullman, one at Puyallup, and one recently 
started at Grandview. The results of the experiments are 
always published in pamphlet form and freely distributed among 
those requesting them. Individual help is willingly rendered 
to any persons or organizations making their wants known. 

COW TESTING ASSOCIATION. 
Although somewhat new as in other parts of the United States 
cow testing associations are already well intrenched as one of 
the necessary accessories of a rapidly developing dairy indus- 
try. There are now five of these, two at Mt. Vernon, and one 
each at Enumclaw, Arlington, and Chehalis. About 2,500 cows 
are included in the work. 

FAIRS ARE HELD. 
Each year many agricultural fairs are held. These include 
interstate fairs, a state fair, a southwestern Washington fair, 
inter-county fairs and local county fairs. By means of prizes 
and other various helps, these fairs offer splendid encourage- 
ments to those attempting to obtain the best results in the dairy 
industry. 



Opportunities for Gettvng Started S^ 

STATE DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 

Another organization of inestimable value to the dairyman 
is the State Dairymen's Association which meets annually and 
discusses the common problems relative to such work. Great 
interest is shown and many attend. Besides talks from local 
men of practical experience, splendid addresses are given by 
professors from the State College, the state inspector or his 
deputies, and representatives of the United States Department 
of Agriculture. The officers and committees appointed, cham- 
pion the needs of progressive dairying before the state legis- 
lature and help in other ways to advance the dairying pro- 
fession. The results of the meetings are embodied in verbatim 
reports, published soon after adjournment. 

GENERAL SPIRIT OP HELPFULNESS PREVALENT. 

Besides the foregoing, there are many live commercial or- 
ganizations always willing to promote the best interests of the 
surrounding country in any way possible, while successful pri- 
vate individuals are usually ready to give the results of their 
own experiences to persons requesting them. Pervading the 
entire state is one general spirit of helpfulness which manifests 
itself on every propitious occasion. 



OPPORTUNITIES FOR GETTING STARTED. 



Washington teems with good chances for the beginner as 
well as for the experienced dairyman. The added advantage 
of sufficient capital, however, must not be overlooked in this as 
in other business enterprises. Just how much one should have 
is always difficult to estimate as the location contemplated and 
previous experience will affect these figures considerably. It 
will be seen by reading some of the accounts given elsewhere in 
this publication that some men have started out with almost 
nothing and have still made a splendid success of the work. 



38 Dairying in Washington 

PURCHASING OR RENTING A DAIRY. 
There are several ways in which one might start. One is to 
purchase or rent from some well established dairyman, who 
wishes to retire from the work. Opportunities of this kind, to 
be sure, are rare, as the average dairyman is too well contented 
with the work and the future prospects to readily give up so 
certain and pleasant a means of making a livelihood. Still 
there are occasional chances on account of some wishing to with- 
draw from a business that must necessarily require close ap- 
plication on the part of the owner. One may get track of these 
places by communicating with commercial bodies and individ- 
uals. Renting is usually for a cash consideration or for about 
one-half of the proceeds. However, there is much variation in 
this respect, depending partially on the amount of equipment 
supplied with the farm. 

WORKING FOR OTHERS. 
Those who are already familiar with the industry but lack 
capital or who possessing capital desire to learn something about 
the country will find many opportunities to hire out to some- 
one else. Many dairymen are anxious to secure steady men who 
like the work and who would be apt to stay a reasonable length 
of time. The wages for such employment are from $35 to $50 
per month for milkers and $75 to $150 per month for managers 
or superintendents. These prices of course include board. Just 
as in any other line of hired work the applicant for the best 
positions must have had some previous scientific training. 

PURCHASING LAND. 

In purchasing land one should first satisfy himself that he 
and his family will prefer a certain locality and then seek one 
of the good opportunities to be obtained in that vicinity. In 
most parts one can secure land totally improved, partially im- 
proved, or all unimproved. The best chances, if not always 
the quickest, usually lie in securing the cheap unimproved lands 
that are offered for sale by private parties. 

How many acres one should get would depend on the capital 
one possesses and the scale on which he wishes to launch into 



Opportunities for Getting Started 39 

the business. By the soihng method one acre will do the work 
required of two or three when pasturing chiefly. There are 
some who purchase practically all their feed and make a good 
profit. In such cases very little land is required. Right in the 
large cities, in the less crowded and newer sections, there are a 
few dairies conducted in this way as well as many on the outside. 
The increased opportunities of securing highest prices for milk 
and cream more than compensate for the additional cost of feed 
and necessary land. 

COWS. 

It is seldom safe for a person to start in a new place on a 
large scale. The best dairies are built up from a few well 
chosen cows and a purebred bull. Good grade dairy cows can 
be bought for from $50 to $100 apiece. The purebred will cost 
even more. The tendency now among many progressive farmers 
is to work gradually towards a herd of all purebred cows. 
Fortunately nearly all good breeds do well, each having its 
special admirers. The Jersey, the Holstein, the Guernsey, the 
Ayrshire, the Durham as well as many mixed breeds are pop- 
ular. 

However, there is a great deal in understanding thoroughly 
the kind with which one is working. 

LOGGED-OFF LANDS. 

Much logged-oif land may be found in almost all parts of 
western Washington and in the northern counties of eastern 
Washington. In western Washington alone there are between 
2,000,000 and 3,000,000 acres of this available for agricultural 
purposes and ranging in price from $8 up to $75, depending 
partially upon the nearness to stations and the degree of clear- 
ing that it has received. Such land can be bought in almost 
any size tracts. It is eminently fitted for dairying since it 
makes excellent pasture long before the stumps have been 
cleared out. 

H. W. Ohlde is a typical example of what perseverence and 
pluck will do for the settler on such land. Mr. Ohlde's experi- 



Opportunities for Getting Started 41 

ences probably represent the most difficult that a man might 
have on logged-off land and yet in his estimation there is no 
comparison in the final outcome between the success that can be 
attained in Washington and in many states that have neither 
trees nor stumps. The following is his own statement: 

"I settled here on 40 acres of logged-off land, upland, 8 years ago. 
A number of old settlers advised me not to, could not make a living, 
it had been tried long enough. I had $950.00 to start in with, had to 
support a wife and three children. I would not take $10,000 for what 
I have today. The most money I made off of chickens and cows. A 
man wants to cut the brush first thing, and get grass and clover 
started so as to get the cows; it don't pay to raise crops without 
manure. Clover will grow without manure. 

"I had small green timber from 10 to 12 years old. In such case a 
poor man has to take out the little stumps first and cut the hay by 
hand, I have to cut my hay by hand yet. Last year I got about 35 
tons, paid $2.50 a day for a man to help me. The rest of the feed I 
had to buy, I paid about $1,000 for hired help last year. We have six 
children but too small to help me. But I have been able to pay off 
$850 debts without cutting my herd of cows down, but I am going to 
cut it down next summer so as to get more time to clear the land. I 
think the cleared land, without stumps, will be worth about $400 per 
acre. For all the work I've done out here I got paid, but in Kansas 
I sometimes worked the whole year, hard too, and got nothing for it 
and no crop. I make more here in the summer in one month out of 
cream, than I did all the year in Kansas, Hurrah for Washington." 

EASTERN WASHINGTON. 

In eastern Washington, besides the logged-off land in the 
northern part, the settler who prefers, will find plenty of land 
irrigable from ditches or from wells. Close to the river and 
near some of the lakes pumping propositions are being found 
very successful, also away from the stream where well water can 
be obtained without boring too far. Most land under ditches 
and with water rights will cost $200 and up per acre. 

However, it is not necessary for a person to depend entirely 
on raising his feed, since here he is in the midst of a great hay 
and grain country. Many farmers, even in western Washington 
ship alfalfa from east of the mountains and feed it to their 
stock at a profit. Surely those right in the midst of this hay 
country ought to be able to do at least as well. This fact is 



42 Dairying in Washington 

demonstrated by the experience of H. B. Davis, a prominent 
dairyman of Granger, Yakima county : 

"From August 1, 1910, to August 1, 1911, by weighing each milking 
from each cow and testing one and two times per month — a composite 
sample of 1 da. milk — I found that from my herd, pure bred Holsteins, 
I got an average of over 11,000 pounds of milk, making over 500 pounds 
of butter, 8% fat, per cow at an average age of Z'Vz years, for an 
average milking period of 330 days. Cash returns for butter fat were 
$126.00 per cow. These cows were fed and cared for under the soil- 
ing system, not being pastured a single day. Alfalfa was used as hay 
and for soiling purposes. I found it cost me $75.00 per cow for feed, 
having fed 1 pound rolled barley for each 8 to 9 pounds of milk pro- 
duced. I consider the skimmed milk and manure pays well all labor, 
especially with hogs and calves fetching the present meat prices as 
well as those of last few years. When fed as I feed it does more. I 
feed it to pure bred calves and hogs, selling all calves for breeding 
purposes and most of the really extra pigs for breeding purposes. 

"When making pork I feed milk and alfalfa pasture or hay accord- 
ing to season, until 4 to 6 weeks of marketing time when I feed all the 
grain they will consume without waste, selling the pigs at 5^^ to 6^^ 
months old at an average weight of from 175 to 215 per lot, these 
weights covering my lightest and heaviest in a number of years for 
the different lots of twice a year. Should you want any further de- 
tails send me list of questions covering the different phases and I 
will give it my attention as I am sure many thousands of people have 
gone elsewhere that would have come here had they known the pos- 
sibilities of this state as a dairy and stock raising country." 

OTHER LANDS. 
There is also much land in Washington that cannot be classed 
as logged-off land or as irrigated land. Much of this is in- 
cluded in the upland prairies that lie east of the Columbia river, 
extending clear to the eastern boundary line, and between the 
mountains of the northern counties and the southern boundary 
of the state, comprising a region known as the Inland Empire. 
Within this are the famous Palouse and the Big Bend countries 
where most of the grain is raised. The splendid prices secured 
for wheat have caused more farmers to engage in that industry 
and to neglect the possibilities of dairying. However, it can be 
developed into a splendid dairying country and land can be 
secured at very reasonable prices, much of it well improved. 
There are already a number of creameries in this section and 
more will be encouraged with the further growth of the dairying 
industry. 



Possible Profits 



PROFITS FROM DAIRYING. 



The deciding element which influences most people to under- 
take a new industry or to continue a famili-ar one under differ- 
ent conditions is the probability of satisfactory remuneration. 
In regard to dairying it may safely be said that when proper 
care is taken, proportionate profits are practically certain of 
realization. In some cases, when conditions are especially favor- 
able and the manager is thoroughly versed in the details of the 
business, the results may be far beyond expectations. Gen- 
erally it must be kept in mind that profitability is more or less 
a relative term. Many men consider they are loosing money if 
it turns out that they might have made more at some other oc- 
cupation or if it should appear that the percentage of profit 
would have been greater by selling the crops than by feeding 

to cows. 

ALL ITEMS SHOULD BE COUNTED. 

In estimating profits all elements that contribute in any way 
should be taken into consideration ; capital invested, time con- 
sumed, market prices of feed, yield of the individual cow, price 
of products, certainty of market, expense of transportation, 
relative adaptability of the dairyman for his occupation, milk 
fed to calves, hogs, and chickens, products consumed on the 
table, average loss from different causes, life of the cow, cost 
of keeping her in health, her value after she begins to depreciate 
and many other general points bearing more or less on the in- 
dustry. The fertilizing feature is one that is beginning to be 
appreciated more and more ; this to such an extent that on many 
farms dairy cattle are kept because they supply the cheapest 
and easiest method of keeping up the soil fertility. Money paid 
in hand represents only a part of the benefits received. 

PROFITS ADMITTED BY DAIRYMEN. 

Whenever the question is put fairly up to the average dairy- 
man, he is bound to admit that dairying pays a good profit, 



Possible Profits 45 



even if he cannot agree that it pays him all he would like to get. 
When this question was put to the assembled members of the 
State Dairymen's Association at Montesano, December 6, 1911, 
practically every hand went up to indicate an affirmative an- 
swer. Among other questions asked by this department of the 
correspondents in all parts of the state was "Do you consider 
dairying profitable?" The replies indicated on another page of 
this pamphlet were practically all in the affirmative and many 
of , them very emphatically so. The answers to the questions 
generally indicate the splendid spirit of contentment and satis- 
faction possessed by those engaged in the work. 

POSSIBLE PROFITS. 

Various percentages of profit are claimed. These differences 
probably indicate the variations in natural conditions, quality 
of cows, general management, and marketing. Naturally those 
located ciosest to the large markets will get the largest returns 
as there are many chances to dispose of the whole milk and 
sweet cream for general consumption purposes. However, if 
the added value of the land is taken into consideration the 
profits may not be much larger than from ranches a little fur- 
ther away. 

On the well regulated farm, cows seem to yield to their owners 
all the way from $50 to $100 per year. In a few cases they 
will go much higher. With good quality cows a good average 
profit can be made in nearly every case, so that 20 or 25 cows 
will give a splendid income to the owner. 

SOME SPLENDID HERDS. 

The following figures represent the actual results of a herd 
owned by C. R. Worrell, of Wahkiakum county. The record is 
for the full year of 1910. The conditions were about average 
so that equally as good results should be obtained by any dairy- 
man using proper care and diligence. Butter fat is estimated 
at 33c per pound. No allowance is made for the skim milk 
which at 20c per cwt. would increase the average profit from 



46 



Dairying in Washington 



each cow $13.37, thus making the total $84.06, while the net 
returns from the best cow would be $117.63. 



ACCOUNT FOR EACH COW. 



No. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

€ 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



Age 
of 
cow 

15 
17 

9 

9 



8 
6 
7 
9 
6 
14 
5 
4 
2 
3 



Aver, per cow. 



Pounds 


Av&age 


Pounds 


Valui 


'Of 


Profit 


of 


test. 


of 


l)utter 


per 


milk. 




fat. 


fat 




cow. 


7,642 


5.2 


397.38 


$131 13 


$88 00 


6,121 


5.0 


306.05 


100 


99 


57 86 


8,338 


6.0 


500.28 


165 


09 


121 96 


8,121 


5.0 


406.05 


133 


99 


90 86 


7,728 


5.0 


386.40 


127 


51 


84 38 


4,618 


5.0 


385.08 


127 


07 


83 94 


6,855 


5.0 


342.75 


113 


10 


69 97 


6,564 


5.0 


328.20 


108 


30 


65 17 


8,119 


5.2 


422.18 


139 


32 


96 19 


4,723 


6.0 


283.38 


93 


51 


50 38 


7,334 


5.0 


366.70 


121 


01 


77 88 


5,406 


5.4 


291.92 


96 


33 


53 20 


4,425 


5.0 


221.25 


73 


01 


29 88 


5,327 


4.4 


234.38 


77 


34 


34 21 


4,869 


6.2 


3,01 . 87 


99 


61 


56 48 


97,990 


5,173.87 


$1,707 31 


$1,060 31 


6,533 




344.87 


$113 82 


$70 69 



PEED CONSUMED. 

Bran, 3 tons @ $26 per ton $78 00 

Shorts, 2 tons (g) $27 per ton 54 00 

Hay, 30 tons @ $12 per ton 360 00 

Mangels, 20 tons @ $4 per ton 80 00 

Pasture 75 00 



Total for 15 cows $647 00 



Average per cow $43 13 

Profits 

Net profit for entire herd $1,060 31 

Net profit for average cow 70 69 

Net profit for best cow 12196 

E. L. Brewer, Satsop, Chehalis county, is an example of suc- 
cess through intelligent care and business methods. With 80 
acres of land he keeps 40 cows (partly purebred Jerseys) and 
about 100 hogs and some horses. 



Possible Profits 



47 



He markets the hogs when from 6 to 8 months old and weigh- 
ing from 150 to 225 pounds, feeding them the skim milk, grain 
and pease, besides giving them considerable pasture. In 1910 
his receipts from this source alone were $1,470.80. 

The dairy accounts for 1910 were as follows : 

RECEIPTS. 

Dairy products sold $4,509 30 

Fed to stock 150 00 

Consumed • 125 00 

Calves produced 1,000 00 

Other receipts 600 00 



Total receipts $6,384 30 



Average per cow $159 60 



EXPENSES. 



$440 00 



{Clover hay, 16 tons 
Oats and pea straw, 40 tons. . 
Green vetch and oats, 40 tons, 
Rutabagas, 50 tons 

fAlf alf a, 8 tons 

Bran ^| 

^^^^^^Ss I 13 tons. 

Corn meal. • • • f 

Oat meal J 

Pasturage 

Labor 1,200 00 

Losses 200 00 

Other expense 100 00 



Feed purchased- 



500 00 



280 00 



Total expense . . . 
Average per cow. 



,720 00 



$68 00 



Total profit for herd $3,664 30 

Profit per cow 91 60 



Mrs. Jessie Gregg, Adna, Lewis county, has a ranch of 40 
acres, all under cultivation, used by the State College for dem- 
onstration purposes. She has 20 young cows, pays $15.00 per 
acre for rent, keeps two men the year round at $40 and $50 per 



Possible Profits 49 



month and board. For the month of January, 1911, her dairy 
accounts show the following: 

RECEIPTS. 

18,048 pounds milk @ $1.90 cwt $342 90 

EXPENSES. 

Help $90 00 

Rental 50 00 

Interest on capital 25 00 

Insurance and incidentals 8 50 

Total expense $173 50 

Expense per cow $8 67 

Total profit for month 169 40 

Profit per cow 8 45 

A. M. Stevens, of Ellensburg, has one of the highest average 

herd records in the state. The ninth year of the herd of 11 

cows ended August 31, 1910: 4,713.4 pounds of butter were 

produced and sold for $1,496.56, an average of $136.05 per 

cow. One of these cows, Gerties Black Beauty H. R. No. 

176961 freshened March 7, 1910. From March 13, 1910, to 

March 13, 1911, she gave 13,598 11-16 pounds of milk, or 

666.723 pounds of butter fat, equal to 784 38-100 pounds of 

butter; 85% fat. 

COWS ON CITY LOT. 

In many cities and towns of the state there are people who 
happen to own just a small plot of ground and take a great 
deal of delight in keeping one or two cows. The returns from 
this small outlay are always proportionately greater than the 
average cows of large herds, as the neighbors will pay good 
prices for all the milk produced. Lafe Learned, of Montesano. 
Chehalis county, presents a good illustration of what can be 
done in this respect. 

He has a six-year-old cow, three-quarters Jersey and one- 
quarter Red Polled. She calved April 22d. During the month 
from May 8th to June 8th of 1911 she gave 1,614 pounds of 
milk, which tested 6.6. On December 5th of the same year, when 
she was giviijg about 900 pounds per month, having been milked 

—4 



50 Dairying in Washington 

about eight months, she tested 7.S. During the seven months 
from May 1st to December 1st, she gave 8,399 pounds of milk, 
or an average of 1,199 pounds per month. Her feed during 
that period was estimated to be about 20 sacks of shorts at 
$1.10 per sack, worth $22.00; one ton of hay at $12.00, and 
three months of pasture at one dollar per month, worth $3.00 ; 
total, $37.00. The gross receipts were $293.93, leaving a 
profit of $256.93, or about $36.00 per month for one cow. 

OTHER SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE. 

Many expressions were received from people in various parts 
of the state, practically all going to show that dairying is 
yielding a splendid profit. Lack of space forbids quoting from 
all, but a few will serve to convince the outsider of the general 
contentment of the Washington dairymen. 

Chas. A. Smith, secretary to J. P. Graves, Spokane, Wash- 
ington, says: 

"While we have not followed the dairy business as a money mak- 
ing proposition, we firmly believe that it is a very profitable industry, 
when handled under proper management. * * * * in our mind, the 
best locality for dairies in this section of the country is in what is 
known as the 'Palouse Country,' to the south of Spokane." 

A successful farmer of Trout Lake, Klickitat county, says: 
"The returns per cow for butter fat are from $5 to $7.50 per month. 
Dual purpose cows are considered the best for this section as there 
is practically no market for other than beef stock, so that when by 
reason of heifers coming in the herds are increased, the fat cows can 
be more profitably turned off for beef. 

"I am satisfied that with well cured second-growth clover selected 
cows can be made to bring at least $10 per month for butter fat." 

F. Henderson, Woodland, Cowlitz county, says: 
"I have bills of cream and milk sold for the last eleven years, also 
accounts of other products sold from the place. I find that my cows 
average 311 pounds of butter fat per cow for the year 1911, and count- 
ing hogs and calves to represent skim milk (as I keep hogs and fatten 
them on the milk) that the cows average $126.14 per cow. * * *" 

Tver Furness says: 

"Have 27 cows for dairying purposes. Average income from each 
per year, $112.50. Having no other stock or fowls, this will be all the 
information I can give you." 



Possible Profits 51 



Ed Valentine, Montesano, Washington, has 90 acres of chiefly 

bottom land ; five years ago he paid for this $10,000.00. Today 

with the other improvements, it could not be bought for $25,- 

000.00. 

"Last year, 1911, I milked 27 cows, keeping exact records of re- 
ceipts, which amounted to $3,756.50, varying: from $250.00 during the 
poorest months when some of the cows were dry, to $390.00 when 
nearly all were giving milk. Some things will produce more money 
than dairying, but there is nothing so certain and you can always get 
cash. Besides the dairying, I produced 40 tons of potatoes, 2 tons of 
oats, $125 worth of hogs, and sold nearly $100 worth of calves. The 
total receipts of the farm would probably be about $5,000 per year." 



SWINE EAlSINa IN WASHINGTON. 



Raising hogs as a side product of the dairy business as well 
as to utilize the scraps, waste matter, etc., that accumulate on 
practically every ranch has always been recognized as worth 
while by the majority of farmers. However, as an independent 
industry or the main work on the farm it has not received so 
much attention. 

VALUE OF SWINE IN WASHINGTON. 

Nearly 50 per cent, of the ranchers of Washington keep 
hogs, most of them as a side issue only, there being on an aver- 
age about 9 or 10 to each farm. Whitman county outstrips 
all others in their production, the total value of swine in 
that county April 15, 1910, being $332,317. The next in im- 
portance was King county with a valuation of $98,611. Other 
important counties in this respect are Walla Walla, Spokane, 
Klickitat, Lewis and Lincoln, each with a valuation of between 
$70,000 and $75,000. For the entire state this class of livestock 
was worth $1,674,927 or just about twice as much as in 1900. 
About two-thirds of this, $1,134,782, belongs to the counties 
east of the mountains. The present indications are that there 
is now 25% more than in 1910, so that the total product of 
the entire state for 1912 w^ould be about $2,000,000. 

In contrast with this should be considered the large number 
of hogs shipped yearly from outside the state. In the year 
1911 it can be safely estimated that hogs valued at nearly $5,- 
000,000 alive were brought in, the larger part for domestic 
consumption. There will always be a good market for all that 
can be produced. 

MONEY FROM HOGS LIKE "FINDING IT." 

Without doubt the pig is almost a necessity on a well regu- 
lated Washington farm where everything should be utilized for- 



54 Swine Raising in Washington 

some purpose. In many cases it appears that much material 
which would otherwise have yielded nothing has been turned 
into the best of pork, fetching some ready money which could 
scarcely have been more easily secured if the producer had 
found it. In fact it is probably for this very reason that the 
hog has secured an enviable reputation as a side-product ; so 
profitable is he in this respect that the tendency has been to 
keep him at this as his permanent labor. He greedily drinks 
the skim milk and is not over particular as to its freshness ; he 
devours the cull fruit and vegetables, grunting no complaint as 
to their quality. His chief trouble is in getting filled up ; for 
his powers of assimilation are practically unlimited while in- 
digestion is a malady unknown to him. In the meantime un- 
consciously he is working harder for the enrichment of his 
fortunate owner than any other animal, except goats, on the 
place, and at the same time he is manufacturing pork that will 
bring from 9c to 12c per pound T^holesale. 

HOGS WILL HELP CLEAR LAND. 

If given an opportunity he will keep the orchard nicely 
cleaned up ; he will help to solve the logged-oif land problem 
by nosing down into the roots and exposing the soft parts to 
the air, and eating up ferns and other weeds. I^Te enjoys even 
lizards and snakes, which are to him choice morsels. He 
will fertilize the soil and help it to yield excellent crops. In all 
this work he needs no boss standing over him. When his life's 
work is done he then yields up the accumulated meat made from 
these various odds and ends, offering it for the benefit of all 
mankind. 

The hog should certainly be promoted. He has repeatedly 
shown what he can do as a side issue and deserves more oppor- 
tunities for demonstrating his good qualities on a larger scale. 

WASHINGTON PRESENTS IDEAL CONDITIONS. 

Whether on a large or small scale, the natural conditions in 
the State of Washington equal those of any other state for the 
advancement of this industry. Broad acres of land; abund- 



Swine Raising in Washvngton 55 



ance and variety of feed and pasture ; plenty of flowing streams ; 
general climatic conditions ; sufficient sunshine and cooling 
shade ; comparative freedom from pests and diseases are all 
favorable to the successful propagation of swine. 

If following the industry on a large scale, it is usually agreed 
that plenty of land for pasturage will help to produce the best 
results and enable the owner to raise them with the least amount 
of trouble and largest profit, as well as make healthier animals. 
Under these conditions the usual plan is to let the pigs, when 
weaned, run until a short period before fattening for the mar- 
ket. As light pork seems to bring the greater profits, the fat- 
tening period begins when the hog is 5 or 6 months old, and 
weighs from 100 to 150 pounds. When grain is high priced 
they should derive at least half their growth in this Avay. They 
are usually marketed weighing from 175 to 250 pounds. 

In this manner pork can be raised for 3c or 4c per pound 
and with usual prices will net 4c or 5c per pound in the hoof. 

PRINCIPAL FEEDS. 

Outside of the skim milk, slop, scraps, etc., the principal hog 
feeds which grow well in Washington, are corn, peas, wheat, 
barley, oats, alfalfa, clover, vetch and thousand-headed kale, as 
well as many succulent roots, including mangold wurtzels, beets 
artichokes and rutabagas. 

In Klickitat county there are many who fatten the hogs on 
peanuts, which grow well in that vicinity. 

Estimates of what the various crops will yield per acre are 
given elsewhere in this publication. 

SOME SUCCESSFUL MEN. 

There are many people in the state who are making a success 
of hogs as an independent industry. Among them are L. H. 
Lindbarger, R. F. D. No. 1, Moxey Valley, Yakima county. 
His success is attested by the fact that at the Portland Fat 
Stock Show recently he "cleaned the platter" in Short-Horn 
cattle and Poland-China hogs. He has 160 acres of volcanic 
ash which is excellent for alfalfa, corn, potatoes, carrots and 



56 Swine Raising in W ashvngton 

peas. He aims to sell his hogs when 8 months old and weighing 
about S50 pounds. He keeps from 10 to SO sows for breeding, 
worth about $3,000.00. He says : 

"I consider Washington state in its infancy at present in the swine 
industry, but with the experiments of our swine consuming alfalfa in 
a ground form proven by experiments of our valuable agricultural 
stations, we are able to produce pork at a very small expense, say from 
3 to 41/^c per pound and with proper care there are no diseases here 
that are so prevalent in middle and eastern states. I have never lost 
a hog with disease, as care is the principle asset to the industry and 
none can expect to succeed without giving their swine the same atten- 
tion they would a valuable cow for a dairy." 

In the wheat country the expression of R. D. Williams, 
Pomeroy, Garfield county, shows what can be done ; he produces 
from 50 to 125 Poland-China and Duroc- Jersey hogs as a side 
issue to raising wheat and barley on a 640-acre farm: 

"I consider hog raising quite profitable if properly carried on. Pork 
can be produced for about 4 cents per pound. I wean them at 8 to 10 
weeks old; pasture on alfalfa till 100 pounds weight, then feed them 
corn for a month or six weeks, depending on time of year. In cold 
weather they do not grow so fast. I sell them when about 180 pounds 
in weight. * * * * Hog raising taken up in connection with cows 
and corn and wheat would be very profitable, if taken up in the right 
spirit. Everybody here is raising wheat and barley, a very few ex- 
cepted." 

Mr. John Cubbey some years ago purchased about 15 acres 
of land close to the city of Tacoma, and has made a specialty of 
raising purebred Poland-China hogs, winning the first prize 
for Champion Boar at the A.-Y.-P. E., and as many as 400 
premiums at other times. Though an old man now, he still 
keeps from 50 to 100, feeding them from the hotel slop and 
letting them pick up roots and ferns, fattening them when they 
are about 6 months old. When feeding, he figures the expense 
at from $1.00 to $1.50 per month for each hog until killing 
time, when they will fetch about $20.00 at from 6 to 8 months 
old, and weighing 200 pounds. 

When the hogs are being raised in connection with the dairy 
industry the suggestion of Donald Mclnnes of Dungeness, now 
president of the State Dairymen's Association, are worth read- 
ing. By systematic breeding he insists on two litters per year 



58 Swine Raising in Washington 

from his sows, one about the end of February and another about 
the first of September. As soon as they are weaned they are 
fed the skim milk with a httle middhngs or ground wheat mixed 
in. At the same time they are given the run of a pasture lot. 
At five months he begins to fatten and give them all the milk 
they can drink with a small amount of ground wheat. They 
are then ready for market and out of the way in time for the 
next semi-annual litter which is treated in the same way. Dur- 
ing the winter he feeds the sows mangold wurtzels and a small 
amount of skim milk. In the spring they are in fine shape for 
fallowing. The moderate temperature of Washington is es- 
pecially suitable for this double work on the part of the sows 
and the quick development of the pigs. 

STARTING IN. 

Practically all the men who have answered inquiries concern- 
ing the industry have said emphatically that there are good 
opportunities for others in their vicinity. However, the be- 
ginner must not fall into the error of supposing that a hog 
needs no care at all. To be sure he may do better than most 
animals will without attention, but it is folly for anyone to en- 
gage in any enterprise without a previous determination to get 
the most he can out of it from the first. No one should be satis- 
fied with moderate profit when by increased individual effort 
he can win even greater returns. The most successful men 
agree that a careful study of the hog's habits, likes and dislikes, 
should be made by the producer. It is usually best to start on 
a small scale (some advise a single sow), and get mature stock 
that has shown ability to produce good pigs and as many as 
possible to the litter. 

Too great expense should not be entailed in buildings and 
apparatus to start with. Land can be secured at almost any 
price according to location and amount of improvements. 

EXPRESSIONS FROM PORK PRODUCERS. 

The following are typical expressions of the many enthusias- 
tic hog raisers in different parts of the state. Many very valu- 



Swine Raising i/n Washington 59 

able suggestions are also given which should be of much aid to 
those contemplating entering this industry. 

E. H. Durham, Winthrop, Okanogan county, up the Methow 
valley and about 44 miles from a railroad station, raises some 
Berkshire and Duroc-Jerseys as a side issue to cattle and dairy- 
ing, feeding the skim milk to hogs, calves and chickens. He 
also feeds his hogs wheat and alfalfa, fattening them with corn : 

"We can raise corn, wheat, oats, barley and alfalfa, so I do not see 
why hogs would not be a profitable business if carried on right. Land 
can be bought at prices ranging from $10 to $300, and will produce 
most anything you want." 

John F. Rockhill & Sons, Turner, Columbia county, generally 
raises about 40 American Hampshire hogs as a side issue to cat- 
tle, horses and mules. 

"Raising hogs is one of the best businesses on the farm. In 1910 
I sold over $700 worth. In 1911, I was changing to Hampshires and 
consequently did not have so many to sell. I butchered 10 half-breeds 
7 months old that weighed 220 pounds and dressed 175 pounds apiece. 
Last week I sold 6, seven months old, with a total weight of 1,480 
pounds. There are plenty of opportunities for others to make a suc- 
cess of the industry in this neighborhood in any part where there is 
water handy." 

Alfred Poison, Mt. Vernon, Skagit county, has 320 acres. 

producing chiefly hay, oats, horses, and dairy cows. 

"I have obtained the best results by having the pigs come in the 
fall of the year, when they require very Jittle feed to carry them 
through the winter months; turn them out on clover pasture with the 
other farm stock about May 1st and keep them on pasture without any 
other feed until you can find a market for them as stock hogs, any 
time from August 1st to October 1st. By that time they should weigh 
on an average about 150 pounds and should bring about 6c per pound 
on foot. In this way you save the labor and expense of fattening. 
My hogs net me about 60% profit." 

John L. Harris, Kelso, Cowlitz county, keeps about 480 hogs 

of the Duroc- Jersey breed and dairy cows. 

"My hogs paid me about 150% on the investment. I boil the feed 
and give ttiem much green stuff which grows well in this section. I 
usually sell them when about 10 months old, weighing about 200 
pounds." 



60 Swine Raising in Washington 

H. L. Wiester is a rancher at Skamokawa, Wahkiakum 
county : 

"Hog raising is carried on in this county chiefly as a side issue of 
dairying; enough are kept to use up the skim milk. I have tried feed- 
ing grain with the milk, ground wheat, whole wheat, corn, rolled bar- 
ley, etc., the past year and kept about four times the number of hogs 
as before." 

W. E. Porter, Cedarville, Chehahs county, raises from 25 to 
40 hogs, Chester Whites and Poland-Chinas, as a side issue to 
dairy, stock and horses. He has been on one ranch for IS 
years. 

"I consider this country first class place to raise hogs, as they can 
get pasture all the winter. I let them rustle in the pasture, give them 
skim milk and finish them off with grain, sometimes peas and roots. 
I sell to the butcher when about 120 pounds in weight. It is easy 
money I get for pork. A good way to fatten hogs here is to turn them 
into a field of peas, let them harvest the crop and then sell them. I 
have sometimes done so, but have generally let them get most of their 
growth on pasture, skimmed milk, roots,, and small potatoes, glean the 
stubble in grain fields and anything that might go to waste. Hogs 
are healthy and do well in this county. Red clover, field peas and 
wheat yield large crops and root crops also." 

Arthur W. Cays, a man of 15 years' experience, Dungeness, 
Clallam county, raises from 25 to 100 Poland-Chinas and Berk- 
shires (the latter as experiment only). The soil is magnetia 
loam and produces all crops fairly well, clover especially. Log- 
ged-oif land in this locality can be bought for $30 to $40 per 
acre. 

''I consider hogs very profitable. I feed what milk I have, mostly 
to young pigs and to brood sows' suckling pigs. With carrots and 
mangels I carry them through the winter, fattening them for market 
on grain (wheat, peas, barley). I find that for each 25 pounds of 
weight the hog weighs a daily ration of skimmed milk is 1 gallon, or 
4 gallons to a pig of 100 pounds, 6 gallons to a pig of 150, or 1 pound 
of dry ground grain to each 25 pounds of weight, or 1 pound of grain 
to substitute or equal 1 gallon of milk. A pig of 150 pounds should 
gain on an average about li/^ pounds per day and when all is favorable 
this can be beaten. I use no land to the advantage of hog raising 
except that I pasture at times, but am not able to estimate it. I find 
that peas stand first of all our grains as a hog feed, wheat next, then 
barley." 



POULTRY INDUSTRY IN WASHINGTON. 



SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES. 

The poultry industry in Washington is described by the 
leading poultrymen of the state, as well as by many of the big 
dealers in poultry products, as "just in its infancy." When 
we compare the present production, both of eggs and fattened 
stock with what the state annually consumes, the larger por- 
tion of which must necessarily be shipped from outside sources 
at considerable distance, it is consoling to know that the busi- 
ness is at present merely in its swaddling clothes, but a strong 
hope is expressed at the same time that it will immediately take 
on strength and develop as soon as possible into real maturity. 

Table Showing Numbees and Values of Various Kinds of Poultry in 
Washington at Dates Indicated, and Number of Farms Report- 
ing Each Kind in 1910. 





1910 
(April 15) 


1900 
(Junel) 


KIND 


Farms Reporting 


Number 
of fowls 


Value 




Niunber 


Per cent 
of aU 
farms 


Number 
of fowls 


Total 


44,906 

44,862 

3,557 

2,558 

3,052 

586 

806 

10 

5 


79.9 

79.8 

6.3 

4.6 

5.4 

1.0 

1.4 

(t) 

(t) 


2,272,775 

2,204,114 

16,049 

13,179 

14,858 

1,763 

22,701 

54 

57 


$1,367,440 

1,289,328 

36,353 

10,883 

21,350 

1,499 

7,604 

171 

252 


1,356,715 


Chickens 


1,196,639 


Turkeys 


29,155 


Ducks 


66,433 


Geese 


64,488 
(*) 


Pigeons 


(t) 


Peafowls 

Pheasants 


(t) 
(t) 





* Included with chickens, t Not reported. J Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

STATISTICS. 

The 1910 census credits us for the entire feathered brood 
with 2,272,775 fowls, valued at $1,367,440. These figures 
represent an increase in 10 years of 916,060 fowls, valued at 



Superior Advantages 63 

$752,602, or 67.5%. With this report as a basis, but keeping 
in mind some recent improved methods of handling poultry, it 
can be safely estimated that in the same year about 15,000,000 
dozen eggs were produced. At the conservative rate of 30c per 
dozen, these would be worth $4,500,000. There were shipped 
into the state about $6,000,000 worth, so that the total num- 
ber marketed in Washington would reach a value of at least 
$10,000,000. 

In the meantime the population of the state had grown to 
1,141,990, an increase of 120%. It is quite evident that if the 
population gains as rapidly in the present decade as it did 
during the past, and there is every reason to believe that it will, 
then the poultry industry in order to overtake and keep pace 
with the increasing demand must proceed at five times the pres- 
ent rate. In other words, at present we need more than twice as 
many fowls as we now have; and in 1920 at least 12,000,000 
will be needed in order to supply two eggs per day to every 
person expected to be in the state at that time. 

ADDITIONAL FAMILIES NEEDED. 

It can readily be seen from the above calculations that there 
are opportunities now for between ^,000 and 3,000 families in 
this line of endeavor alone. At the same rate there would be 
opportunities during the next 10 years for about 10,000 addi- 
tional families to make a good living, helping to supply the 
increased demand for eggs alone. 

WASHINGTON SHOULD EXPORT. 

However, there would be no necessity for limiting the de- 
velopment of poultry to the needs of Washington people. Many 
conditions point to this state as possessing splendid possibili- 
ties for exporting. Besides its productive powers, it is well 
located and has direct communication with sections whose nat- 
ural conditions will compel the importing of such products. 
Even now it is necessary for us to send a great deal to Alaska 
as that territory is too far north to make a success in raising 
its own poultry. The future development of that country with 



64 Poultry Raising in Washington 

extremes of temperature will mean an increased demand for 
eggs and stock from the nearest locality where they can be 
profitably produced. That place is undoubtedly the State of 
Washington, for the cold winters of Canada can hardly be ex- 
pected to encourage poultry raising to any appreciable degree. 
It is quite likely, also, that parts of Canada herself will in time 
offer other good markets for Washington poultry and eggs. 

LEADING COUNTIES. 

The leading county at present, both in point of number and 
value of poultry, is King, having in the neighborhood of 200,- 
000 fowls, valued at approximately $150,000. Close behind 
come Spokane, Pierce, and Whitman. Other counties of im- 
portance are Kitsap, Yakima, Lincoln, Whatcom, and Skagit. 
All the remaining have from 10,000 to 70,000 head apiece. 

ALL COUNTIES ADAPTABLE. 

Practically every county in Washington is adaptable in some 
measure for this industry, as in every section can be found all 
the necessary natural conditions. 

INFLUENCES OF MILD CLIMATE. 

In the article on dairying are figures showing the normal 
and mean temperatures in the vicinity of some of the large 
cities. In this chapter it is only necessary to note the relation 
of such a climate to the successful management of the industry 
under discussion. 

It has long since been demonstrated that of all useful crea- 
tures the hen is one of the most sensitive to climatic influences. 
One of the main efforts of man is to assist in adapting her to 
the various atmospheric conditions through which she must pass 
during a twelve-month period. Where the changes are frequent 
and at great extremes, this problem naturally becomes more 
important and more difficult to solve. In the colder climates, 
warmer and costlier buildings must usually be constructed. It 
is also necessary in such climates, since the chickens must be 
subjected to longer confinement, to build larger structures so 




—5 



66 Poultry Raising in Washington 

as to allow each bird more floor space. All this requires larger 
initial capital as well as a consequent additional maintenance 
fund. The freedom Washington enjoys from extremes of any 
nature and the unusual mildness of the winters would permit of 
both cheaper and smaller buildings. Less floor space is needed 
as the hens may be allowed outside much of the time. 

Experiments carried on at the Maine Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station tend to show that a colder temperature necessi- 
tates the hen consuming more feed in order to maintain the 
proper bodily warmth. The diff'erence would amount to con- 
siderable when a large number of hens are being kept for purely 
commercial purposes. 

WINTER EGGS MOST PROFITABLE. 

The successful poultryman always plans to have his hens 
laying as much as possible in the winter time when eggs fetch 
the best prices. This is the more readily done in a state that is 
blessed with the mildness of Washington winters. E. H. Rosen- 
kranz, Colfax, Whitman county, characterizes the situation 
when he says : "With our long pleasant winters, poultry can 
be kept on a profit paying basis the entire year. We have very 
little zero weather east of the Cascades and none on the west 
side, eliminating the expense of costly frost proof houses, the 
open front being used most entirely." 

SOIL AND VEGETATION FAVORABLE. 

Soil that will produce good fruit, soil that is porous and 
well drained is also considered excellent for the successful rais- 
ing of poultry. Such land can be found in all parts of the state 
and close to the very best markets. The natural vegetation, 
too, is most favorable. Excellent crops of wheat, corn, oats, 
barley and other grains are produced, while in nearly all parts, 
green stuff and the succulent feeds can be grown luxuriously. 
In the western part of the state the thousand-headed kale and 
marrow cabbage will produce from 40 to 80 tons of green stuff 
to the acre, and can be left outside all the winter, the lower 
leaves being cut off as needed. It is just as essential for chick- 



Superior Advantages 67 

ens to have plenty of green stuff as it for people to have vege- 
tables and for dairy cows to receive fresh forage. 

PURCHASING FEED. 

It will usually be true that although the poultryman is will- 
ing to raise his own green feed he will prefer not to be compelled 
to produce also the needed quantity of grain, as in most cases 
greater economy may be practiced by purchasing from those 
making a specialty of that branch of agriculture. They will 
raise it on cheaper land, in larger quantities, and at correspond- 
ingly smaller cost per bushel. However, plenty of grain can be 
easily secured as Washington is one of the most important 
wheat yielding states in the Union ; a number of the counties 
being devoted almost entirely to that line of endeavor. This 
grain is of high quality and can be obtained at lower prices 
than in states where the poultrymen are compelled to pay large 
freight charges for shipping grain from a distance. Those who 
have preferences for a meat ration can usually secure a supply 
irom the many slaughter houses and butcher shops located in 
various sections of the country. Thus the feed question is well 
settled whether the means be purchasing or raising and no mat- 
ter what the reasonable rancher might consider best for his hens. 

MINIMUM DANGER FROM DISEASE. 

The many replies received from people to whom inquiries 
were sent would indicate that Washington is particularly free 
from diseases that effect poultry. Only a few reported losing 
any in that manner, while of those who did, only a small per- 
centage of the stock was lost. In most cases it is the inexperi- 
enced or over-confident that will suffer on such account. With 
the open front building, used chiefly in the state, and the mod- 
erate climate which permits plenty of outside exercise, there is 
hardly any danger at all from this source, providing the or- 
dinary precautions are observed. Hon. Ed. E. Harden, su- 
perior court judge of Whatcom county, who also takes a great 
interest in poultry rearing, as he has many birds, speaks from 
-experience when he says : "I have found that the trouble which 



68 Poultry Raising in Washington 



has caused the undoing of many would-be poultry kmgs is m 
not keepmg the birds free from lice and from over-feeding, es- 
pecially of the young." Surely the eradication of this latter 
trouble would add to the profits "both going and coming." 

LARGE EGG YIELD. 
Washington poultry has won both interstate and national 
distinction. Although it is not the intention to dwell on this 
phase of the industry, nevertheless it is proper as illustrating-^ 
the possibilities, due partially to the favored conditions to men- 
tion Washington's claim to the world's record for yearly ^g^g 
product of a single hen. This was owned by D. Tancred, of 
Kent, who by trap nesting recorded 295 eggs in QQ5 days. It 
should also be borne in mind that the average yield of a hen for 
the United States is 95 eggs, while the average for Washington 
is 120. The 150- and 200-egg hen is not an uncommon hen 
and may be the rule, providing a good strain of layers is secured 
and careful attention given to the work. 

GETTING STARTED. 

In getting a good start much, of course, depends on the in- 
dividual. Some persons will readily adapt themselves to new 
conditions, while others must first get considerable experience. 
Time would probably be saved in most instances if the beginner 
v/ho expects to enter the w^ork on a large scale, would seek an 
opportunity to work for some good practical poultryman ac- 
tually engaged in the work. If this is impossible or imprac- 
ticable, the conservative men advise starting out on a small 
scale for a year or so and getting the experience at less expense 
than what would be incurred in attempting big things too soon. 
A large farm is not needed in learning the fundamental prin- 
ciples. At the same time good poultry journals should be taken 
and the bulletins on this question by the State College and the 
United States Department of Agriculture should be studied. 

It would be out of place to try to suggest the breed. It 
might make some difference as to the particular locality in which 
one would settle. At any rate purebred stock have usually 



70 Poultry Raising in Washington 

proved the best. It is certain that it never pays to try to save 
on the quahty of the stock. The Mediteranian, American, Eng- 
lish, Asiatic and all miscellaneous varieties are bred here and all 
seem to do well. For laying purposes one should also be very 
particular regarding the strain. Some consider this of more 
importance than the breed itself. However, there seems to be a 
great deal in getting a breed for which one can feel a certain 
degree of affection. If one starts with a breed he doesn't like 
it always pays to get rid of them as soon as possible and stock 
v/ith a more satisfactory kind. 

There is a great tendency at the present day also to specialize 
in the different branches of the work, and though all are suc- 
cessfully carried on in Washington, no one should try to learn 
them all at the same time. The beginner would undoubtedly 
be wise in leaving the incubating work for more experience, and 
purchasing the day-old chicks or perhaps the three-month pul- 
lets. An advantage of this latter is that the cockerels and weak 
chickens have been weeded out and the most delicate period in 
the life of the chicken has been bridged. Complete attention 
can be given to the needs of laying hens. 

OPPORTUNITIES PLENTIFUL. 

Regarding quantity of land, many people are making a suc- 
cess on a few city lots, while some will fail on a ranch of many 
acres. Other things being equal, it would usually be best to 
try and secure at least 5 acres if one expects to keep from one 
to two thousand laying hens. With this amount, all the neces- 
sary green feed can be raised ; there will be plenty of room for 
buildings, as well as ground, when the chickens can get sufficient 
exercise. If one wishes to raise fruit at the same time, such 
opportunities may be found in the vicinity of every market in 
the state. As fast as the land close up is put into use, the 
tendency is to build street car lines and interurbans into the 
territory further out, so that the transportation facilities are 
such as to make the best markets available. For a poultry 
ranch, too, it is generally a good policy to pay a little more 



Superior Advantages 71 

for land comparatively close in than to purchase cheaper land 
at too great a distance from the market. 

Since a variety of natural conditions are presented, including 
differences in climate, vegetation and scenery, it would be well 
for the new settler to choose that part of the state which he 
may like the best and then to secure a location convenient to 
one of the best markets of that region. 

WHY THE HEN HAS BEEN NEGLECTED. 

It might be asked why Washington has not previously done 
more to develop an industry which is so much needed and which 
presents such excellent opportunities. In reply it must be said 
that as a new state, she has been busy raising the bumper crops 
of fruit, grain, and vegetables off the virgin soil; cutting the 
lumber from the hillsides ; pulling up the nets loaded with fish ; 
building roads to improve transportation; manufacturing of 
all kinds ; loading coal onto cars ; besides engaging in other 
occupations commanding immediate attention on the part of 
settlers. In the meantime the little hen has been quite modest 
in her proclamation, and has reserved her best for the men and 
women that are willing to show her a little attention and supply 
the necessary equipment for her labors. To those who carefully 
and intelligently administer to her wants, results similar to those 
portrayed in the pictures on other pages, will not be long in 
rewarding their efforts. 

One of the beauties of the work is that it is within the scope 
of the capabilities of all members of a family, while at the same 
time it can be made to engage the vigorous application of men 
desiring a life's work that will bring financial progress and per- 
manent contentment. 







1 




IHh^^P' M^'^^^^I^^^hh 


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Expressions from Poultrymen 73 



EXPRESSIONS FROM POULTRYMEN. 



The following expressions are from people usually spoken of 
as experts as well as from people that have only recently" started 
in the business. Letters of inquiry were sent all over the state 
and answers were invited from any that had ideas they cared 
to offer. Although it was not possible to reach all those en- 
gaged in the work, nor to publish every excellent report re- 
ceived, yet it is believed that these excerpts represent the aver- 
age opinion of the Washington people pursuing this industry, 
either in a large or small way. Besides the figures showing re- 
turns, many valuable suggestions are given here which may be 
read with much profit by those contemplating the healthful 
pleasures of poultry raising. Estimates and figures are sup- 
posed to be based on the year 1911. 

EXPERIMENT BY WESTERN WASHINGTON EXPERIMENT 

STATION. 

Poultry plant was started in spring of 1910 in location un- 
favored by soil conditions. 

The equipment consisted of incubator house with eight in- 
cubators and twelve houses on a lot of less than one-half acre ; 
a laying house for 250 laying hens. The house was stocked 
with 250 selected pullets. The business was conducted as a 
commercial proposition, as distinct from the standpoint of a 
poultry fancier. Eggs were sold weekly at the regular market 
prices and chicks were hatched and sold. 

At the end of said pullets' laying year, the account stood 
practically as follows : 

CREDITS. 

Plant valued at $1,200 00 

Eggs sold (regular market value) . . 2,200 00 
Increase of stock @ 16c per pound. . 410 00 



Total $3,810 00 



74 Poultry Raising in Washington 

DEBITS. 

Food $917 00 

Labor 330 00 

Building plant 1,200 00 

Total $2,447 00 

Net profit $1,363 00 

"BUILDING UP A SUCCESSFUL POULTRY PLANT." 

Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Greene purchased in 1905, 10 acres of 
logged-off land, partly cleared, at Grays River, Washington, 
with the intention of demonstrating if it were possible to pro- 
duce from the poultry industry alone, a sufficient income to pay 
expenses and support a family, where all feed except vegetables 
must be purchased. As they had had no experience along these 
lines, a very strict account was kept of all operations. After 
experimenting a year or two, to find the breed most satisfactory 
to them, they decided in the spring of 1907 to try the single 
combed B. Leghorn, which gave them good satisfaction. From 
October 1, 1907, to October 1, 1908, on an average of 65 hens. 
$190.94 was cleared, being an average of $2.95 per hen per 
year. 

Fronl October 1, 1908, to October 1, 1909, with an average 
of 80 hens, the account stood as follows : 

CREDITS. 

Eggs sold, 1,199% dozen $331 49 

Stock sold, 146 head 58 87 

Eggs incubated, 27 dozen 7 47 

Eggs consumed by family, 41i/^ doz. . 11 51 

Stock consumed by family, 41 head. 10 50 

Increase of stock, 107 head 53 50 

Total credit $473 34 

DEBITS. 

Feed consumed $186 64 

Oil for incubating and brooding 4 80 

Total debit $191 44 

Balance credit $281 90 

Net per hen per year 3 52 



Expressions from Poultrymen 75 

In the fall of 1908 one house was fitted with trap nests and 
twenty-eight Leghorn birds were trap nested. Of these twenty- 
eight birds, twelve were retained in the breeding yard for use 
in the spring of 1910. The twelve birds produced 2,281 eggs, 
or an average of 190 eggs per hen for one year. 

The Wyandotte Ranch at Kiesling, near Spokane, makes a 
specialty of White Wyandottes, having also some White Leg- 
horns and White Holland turkeys. 

On July 20, 1910, they had 114 White Wyandottes worth 
$142.50 and 800 chicks worth $420.10. During the period 
from that date to April 1, 1912, they give the accounts as fol- 
lows : 

RECEIPTS. 

All Stock and eggs sold $3,794 68 

Value of increase 1,829 00 

Other receipts (show specimens) . . . 500 00 

Total receipts $6,123 68 

EXPENSES. 

Feed $1,648 78 

Oil for incubating 38 00 

Loss of stock 99 82 

Advertising, express, etc 753 17 

Total expense $2,539 77 

Total profit $3,583 91 

Judge Ed. E. Hardin, Bellingham, Whatcom county, says: 
"The beginner should start with a small flock of well selected 
thoroughbreds, cull closely, keep in the same strain, but not inbreed, 
and let the flock increase with his experience. By so doing he may 
have not only healthful birds of flne physique, but birds of flne feather, 
which will command fancy prices. The one who attempts to go into 
the business on a large scale must, if he would avoid disaster, secure 
the services of one who has had experience in the business in this 
climate." 

I. D. Casey & Sons, Waitsburg, Walla Walla county, make a 
specialty of day-old chicks. Starting six years ago with only 
$140.00, today they would not sell for $15,000.00. 

"The profits will vary according to the quality of hen and the use 
to which you put her. We figure our hens, used for laying purposes, 




Thousand-Headed Kale at Puyallup Experiment Station. 66 tons per acre. 



Expressions from Poultrymen 77 

as follows, not including labor and interest on the capital. With the 
day-old chicks we make much larger profits. 

RECEIPTS. 

210 eggs @ 2oc per dozen $4 37 

Value of one-year-old hen 1 00 

Total receipts $5 37 

EXPENSES. 

Maturing for laying $0 45 

Feeding one year for market eggs.. 1 00 

Total expenses $1 45 

Profit per hen'. $3 92 

"The above represents what we have done. In 1912, we expect to 
do even better." 

H. E. Sharp, editor of the Northwest Farm and Orchard, 
Spokane, Spokane county, has made an unusual success in rais- 
ing the Black Langshan. He claims that $5.00 per annum can 
be made from each hen if properly handled. He uses no in- 
cubator and expects each hen to lay an average of 10 eggs per 
month and then to "set, hatch and raise all the chicks possible." 
He estimates three years as being necessary before a good start 
can be secured. 

His advice is to always start with a small flock and stick to 
your old job for a couple of years if you cannot buy pure bred 
hens. 

Estimates of initial expenses and profits, starting with mon- 
grels : 

15 mongrel hens and 1 pure bred 

cockerel $12 00 

Building material 50 00 

Feed for 450 young birds 135 00 

$197 00 

Profits, 3rd year, not less than $500 00 

Profits, 4th year (1,000 hens) 5,000 00 



78 Poultry Raising in Washington 

Estimates of expenses and profits with purebred hens : 

15 pure bred hens @ $5.00 $75 00 

Cockerel to match 25 00 

Building for 100 birds 100 00 

Feed for flock 135 00 

Total outlay $835 00 

Profits, 1st year $90 00 

Profits, 2d year 500 00 

Profits, 3d year (1,000) 5,000 00 

Building for 1,000 birds 1,000 00 

"Five acres of land and 1,000 birds will be enough for most men to 
handle. With such a flock one could raise and hatch chicks every 
month in the year and there would always be a surplus of setting hens." 

D. V. Ault, of Everett, Washington, started in 1900 with a 
trio of White Minorcas. Being a fancier he keeps a hmited 
number of hens. He says: 

"I never raised over fifty birds a year to maturity. Have now 50 
hens, and 10 male birds. If I had to buy their quality, now it would 
cost me $1,000.00. Sold 4,800 eggs at 10c an egg last season, $480.00. 
Paid for feed last season, $185.60. Am selling eggs this season for 
$2.00, $3.00 and $5.00 per 15. Here is my idea of what it costs to start 
in poultry: 

50 White Leghorns $35 00 

1 240-egg incubator 28 00 

4 Philo breeder coops 20 00 

1 Corning egg house, 500-hen capacity. 85 00 

Cost of feed to maturity, six months.. 500 00 

H. Heidenhain, Wenatchee, Chelan county: 

"In respect to markets we are very fortunate. Our town, with its 
prosperous population, has an astonishing capacity for the good things 
of the world. But even in case the point of over supply for our local 
market should once be reached, we have in the three large cities of our 
state, Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane, especially in the former with its 
trade to Alaska, a willing market for years to come for all that we 
will produce. 

"For the benefit of men and women who wish to keep a small flock 
as a side issue, I might say that it costs about $1.00 per head for 
liouses, coops and utensils. The expense of caring for a flock, not 
including labor, is about $1.50 per head per year. The profit derived 
from the flock is under ordinary conditions about $2.00 per head per 
annum." 



Expressions from Poultrymen 79 

D. Tancred, one of the big poultr3Tiien of the state, located 
at Kent, King county, says: 

"The sale of chickens and breeding stock now constitutes the most 
profitable part of my own business, but I have kept as close an account 
of profits as possible, and when figuring all my products strictly on a 
basis of market quotations, my net returns have — ever since I got 
fairly started — always exceeded $2.00 per hen per year. For utility 
purposes alone I am sure that a fairly good worker can care properly 
for over 1,000 laying fowls." 

John R. Crosswaite, "Conadale," Deer Park, Spokane county, 
raises eggs for market purposes and also sells eggs and stock 
for breeding. With 40 birds he produced, during seven succes- 
sive months, beginning with January, 649, 738, 984, 999, 978, 
896, 830 eggs, respectively, a total of 6,073. The value of these 
in chicks and eggs for hatching, amounted to $668.00 or $16.70 
per bird. During the past season he cleared over $25.00 profit 
per head from 130 breeders in seven months, which he consid- 
ered very conservative in relation to what can be done. 

"We breed only the Anconas and have never been able to raise 
enough for the market. Layers well attended to, will net a profit of 
$3.50 for strictly market purposes, not figuring selling eggs for hatch- 
ing, etc. Our accounts show that it cost us $1.20 each to feed layers 
and 45c to raise a pullet to maturity. 

"We are now getting others interested so as to form a kind of 
poultry colony in order to better selling prices, which average some 
38c the year around, and also to improve buying facilities. Three 
others are already with us, all with Anconas. 

"We will gladly help any beginners who would like to start egg 
work, and would be pleased to hear from several persons who could 
see their way to join us in a poultry colony. 

"The fire we had recently, crippled us so much that we have never 
been able to supply more than about ten per cent, of all stock ordered, 
and not more than 50 per cent, of eggs for hatching." 

Dr. F. M. Rossiter runs the Sanitarium Poultry Ranch at 
North Yakima, raising White Orpingtons and fruit. He 
started a flock a number of years ago with a hundred-dollar pen 
from Kellerstrass and a one-hundred-fifty-dollar pen from Eng- 
land. 

"The sales paid all expenses of coops and feed for the first year. 
In 1911 the total expenses were $345.00, the receipts were about $700.00 



Expressions from Poultrymen 81 

plus 200 pullets valued at $600.00 and 30 high bred cockerels valued 
at $300.00." 

Geo. W. Holt, Auburn, King county, says : 
"When I started with poultry seven years ago, I knew nothing about 
the business and started on a commercial basis. I tried a number of 
breeds and finally decided to keep nothing but the White Leghorn. 
They will do better in large flocks than the heavier breeds." 

Jens Svinth, of Roy, Pierce county, says : 

"I have four chicken houses 25x34, including feeding shed, and have 
ten yards of three-fourths acres each for each house. I leave the 
chickens in the one while I raise oats and clover on the other, and 
then change them every year. I have been in the business for the 
last twenty-one years and consider it very profitable." 

Mrs. A. E. Stanford, Olympia, Thurston county, gives a 
good illustration of what can be done on a few city lots. She 
started in the work 10 years ago on account of failing health, 
and though she has been handicapped considerable by a lack of 
time, doing her own housework, she has made a success of the 
industry and found better health as well. 

"I have made it profitable from the first; I started with no capital 
except a few market hens which I used for hatching eggs purchased 
from breeders of thoroughbred stock. I have taken the best poultry 
journals, advertising in a small way at cost of about $12.00 per year. 
More business comes than I can handle. I am obliged to refuse many 
orders for eggs and stock. I keep only thoroughbred stock and adver- 
tise for breeding purposes. To insure success one must love the work 
and put into it all the attention to detail, the same intelligent effort 
and the same perseverance that one would to any other business. My 
advice to the beginner is commence in a small way; keep only thor- 
oughbred stock and do not get discouraged at early failures and dis- 
appointments." 

J. P. Swanson, Spanaway, Pierce county, raises hens for 
eggs only and keeps exact records of receipts and expenses. 

"In 1911 I kept 600 hens from which I derived a profit of $935.92. 
In 1910 I made $1,019.90. I get rid of my cockerels as soon as I can 
for there is no money in them, especially when I have to buy all my 
feed and pay $30.00 and over per ton. One of the main things in a 
good laying hen is a good constitution." 

Mrs. McClellan, O'Brien, King county, has about 17 acres 
of land and uses about 5 acres for raising chickens, turkeys, 
and also some ducks. She does all her own work. From 1,000 



82 Poultry Raising in Washington 

White Leghorns, she averages 720 eggs per day, and sells 
them in Seattle. She was in business for about 10 years and 
has never seen eggs go lower than 20c, excepting once in 1901. 
In 1909 she cleared over $1,700 from 800 hens. At the present 
time her 1,000 hens cost about $3.50 per day to keep. In 
December, 1911, from 550 laying hens she sold 20 cases of 
eggs. Nothing could induce her to abandon the poultry 
business. 

E. H. Rosenkranz, Colfax, Whitman County, says : 

"While I have built very substantial buildings, the cost of which are 
about $1.00 per fowl, much cheaper buildings may be erected just as 
comfortable and practical while the cost need not exceed 50c per fowl. 
The larger the flock, the less the expense per head, as a great saving 
can be made on a larger building where there are less partitions. 

"Success in the business, however, requires some capital, the lack 
of which is the cause of many a failure. But by far the greatest and 
most essential thing is experience. The poultry business is like any 
other business, there must be knowledge, and experience will give us 
the latter. We all admit that the 200-egg hen does not run at large 
upon the farm. She must be bred up from the best laying specimen 
for years and will only then produce the 200 eggs under proper condi- 
tions. These conditions are first, housing; second, sanitary and com- 
fortable quarters, and third, feed and care. 

"I started with a small flock of one dozen hens and have built up a 
plant containing now about 400 birds, all thoroughbred Brown Leg- 
horns. I have nine acres of ground, half of which is planted to apples, 
the balance in pasture and alfalfa, enough to keep a cow, and I ex- 
pect to increase to about 1,000 birds this season, and with the excep- 
tion of a little outside labor the first three years, the poultry has dojie 
it all, and is now making me a good living and a little surplus besides. 

"One man can easily take care of one thousand hens and if he 
makes but a profit of $1.50 per hen, it will bring him a nice income and 
let him and his family live a life of peace, comfort and independence." 

R. L. Peck, county assessor of Skagit county, says : 

"The poultry business has not been gone into to any great extent 
in this county, although a number of our residents are beginning to 
wake up to the possibilities of this business and are laying their plans 
for going into it quite extensively." 

Ernest E. Gaskill, county assessor of Island county, says 

regarding poultry in his section: 

"There is hardly a farmer that does not keep from 50 to 300 hens 
and from many small farmers this is their chief revenue while clear- 



84 Poultry Raising in Washington 



ing and developing their small farms. There are several men who also 
make poultry their main occupation." 

Belmat-Skinner Co., R. D. No. 1, Spokane, says: 
"To be successful one must thoroughly understand every detail of 
the poultry business and it is made up wholly of details. The shortest 
cut we know of in learning the poultry business is for the person that 
wants to learn, to give one year of his time to a good practical poultry- 
man." 

W. C. Schreek, of Whidby Island Poultry Farm & Hatchery, 
Coupeville, Island county, says: 

"The beginner, if possible, should visit the person he expects to get 
his foundation stock from. On this visit be sure and have eyes open 
and note condition of stock and premises, also have a mind of what 
branch of the business you expect to take up and stock your yards ac- 
cordingly. Last, but not least, learn to feed what you get for profit 
not waste." 

E. G. Francis, of Shelton, Mason county, says : 
"I have not been engaged in the poultry business exclusively. Nor- 
mally, I am able to make about one hundred per cent, on feed bought, 
not counting labor while doing a good deal of work not connected with 
the poultry business." 

Mrs. J. W. G. Hanford, Spokane, specializes with White 
Wyandottes. She keeps a record of every hen. She has 15 that 
produced in one year 231, 260, 263, 222, 208, 232, 195, 224, 
187, 234, 181, 210, 245, 223, and 238 eggs, respectively. 

"The chicken business is just like any other; what you get out of it 
depends on what you put into it. The hens are only half the battle. 
The handling is the other half. The combination that wins is good 
stock plus intelligent handling." 

A. O. Jeffries, of Kent, King county, combines chickens with 
fruit raising. He hatches no eggs but buys the three-month 
pullets. 

"I find one year with another, my hens net me $1.00 a piece per 
year. Of course, if one would sell off the old stock and buy pullets 
every year, the profit would be greatly increased." 

Arch. C. Tweedie, county auditor. Port Townsend, Jefferson 

county, says: 

"The main capital required to make a success of poultry raising is 
a willingness to follow the numerous small details that go to make up 



Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Etc. 85 

the sum total of the business with unfaltering fidelity, a determination 
to succeed in the face of disappointments, and an inborn love of the 
business. 

"Of course some money is to be desired in any business, and I 
should say that to a man who understood the business of raising poul- 
try, $1,000 would purchase him a five-acre logged-off tract, not too far 
from market, stock it with the necessary stock and would with care 
support him while he was improving his tract, such as clearing and 
planting to berries, etc. In this country and climate, chickens and 
fruit made an ideal combination, each improving the condition of the 
other. * * * * The profits depend a good deal on the character of 
the business you are running, a safe estimate of the profits of an egg 
farm would be $1.50 per hen per annum. Of course, you understand 
that the cost of feed has a great deal to do with this, and the man that 
can raise his own feed has a better chance to show a larger profit 
than the man that has to buy his feed in the open market. As to mar- 
kets, you cannot go very far wrong in the State of Washington, pro- 
vided you do not locate too far away from a town or means of reach- 
ing a town. 

"In conclusion, I would urge upon all prospective poultrymen before 
they go into business to study well the breed they intend to raise. It 
is foolish after you have stocked your farm with a certain breed of 
poultry to discover that you would have preferred some other breed, 
and while it takes time to make the change, you had better make it, 
for you obtain the best results when you are working with fowls that 
you really form an affection for. * * * * 

"It costs no more to raise a standard bred fowl than it does a scrub, 
and the possibilities of profit are all with the former." 



TURKEYS, DUCKS, GEESE AND OTHER FOWLS. 



Many people are profitably engaged in raising turkeys, 
ducks or geese, and recommend them to others as more re- 
munerative than chickens. 

DUCKS. 

Ducks are excellent layers and their eggs are relished by 
many people equally with hen's. The Indian Runner seems to 
be the most popular among duck producers. For meat they 
can be fattened in about eight weeks and sold at about a 100% 
profit. At the present time a market is a certainty. 



86 Poultry Raising in Washington 

C. H. Donald, Auburn, keeps ducks and hens on about a 
quarter of an acre of land: 

"I found ducks paid better than the chickens, so increased ducks 
and disposed of nearly all the chickens. 

"In 1911 we hatched all the ducks we could with two machines, 
150-240 capacity, and sold them for from 25c to $2.00 each according 
to size. 

"The following is a fair estimate of expenses and receipts for 1911: 

EXPENSES. 

Kale and cabbage $5 00 

Corn, wheat, shorts, etc 200 00 

Oil for incubating 6 00 

Other expenses, including loss 12 00 

Total $223 00 

RECEIPTS. 

Eggs sold for general market $75 00 

Eggs sold for breeding 200 00 

Stock consumed 37 50 

Stock sold for consumption 30 00 

Stock sold for breeding 150 00 

Increase of stock 76 00 

Total receipts $568 50 

Mrs. C. G. McCartj, Route 1, Walla Walla, keeps about 50 
head of Parti-Colored Indian Runner ducks : 

"I have not kept a connected record of all expenses, etc., but have 
kept account enough to know that it pays to keep poultry in this 
section of the country. Market eggs rarely sell for less than 15c per 
dozen in summer and in winter they reach 60c per dozen, wholesale. 
We have no trouble of disposing of our surplus duck eggs in the mar- 
ket. If properly cared for, young ducks should be nearly feathered in 
five or six weeks and ready for the market in eight weeks. It costs 
about 26c each to feed the Indian Runners until they are eight weeks 
old, when they should weigh three and a half to four pounds each. 
The early ones bring fifteen cents a pound and they average about 
twelve and one-half cents for the year." 

William Bundy, Kent, Washington, raises chickens and 
ducks : 

"We never have any trouble disposing of eggs or stock. We ad- 
vertise the duck eggs and have filled orders for Oregon, California, 
Idaho, Montana, Minnesota and Alberta, besides scores of towns in 
Washington. We consider the industry profitable." 



88 Potiltry Raising in Washington 

E. G. Vashus, Kent, King county, says: 

"In addition to our chickens, we had last year 25 Indian Runner 
ducks which through the year layed 4,557 eggs, or 182 each. At the 
market price of 25c they would bring $96.00, but as we sold the most 
for hatching they brought us over $200.00; besides we raised 300 
young ducks, sold stock for $120.00, marketed $45.00 worth, and in- 
creased our flock to 95 birds." 

John Cubby, of Tacoma, says : 

"There is more money in ducks than in any other bird. They lay 
better and fetch a good price when killed. I had five ducks last year 
which laid 180 eggs apiece in 12 months." 

TURKEYS. 

Turkeys are raised in large flocks, both in eastern and west- 
ern Washington. The mammoth bronze variety is the most 
popular. They need the greatest attention while they are less 
than eight weeks old. After that they become very hardy and 
will get most of their own feed if sufficient pasture is supplied. 
They will always bring the top notch prices, especially at 
Thanksgiving and Christmas time. By applying to the State 
College at Pullman, a pamphlet on "Raising Turkeys by Ar- 
tificial Methods," by H. G. Blanchard, can be secured. 

Some practical results are also given by H. E. Tuck, pro- 
prietor of the Fir Crest Farm, Kirkland, across Lake Wash- 
ington from Seattle. Three years ago he started to see if tur- 
keys could be raised profitably. In the year 1909 out of a 
setting of 11 eggs he hatched out 8 and raised 4 to maturity. 
These weighed 12 pounds each at Tranksgiving. The next 
year out of 16 pullets he raised 10 to maturity, disposing of 
7 at Thanksgiving and keeping 3 for breeding. The next 
year he bought a ten-year-old tom to mate with the three pul- 
lets. Out of 104 eggs laid he sold SO for $5.00, placing the 
balance under hens. Out of these he raised 60 to maturity, 
selling 47 and keeping 13 for breeding. Total receipts for the 
47 were $157.70 with an expense of $71.00, leaving $86.70 for 
the labor. He says : 

"I consider the Puget Sound climate well adapted to turkey raising 
and this season we expect to try for two or three hundred. We are 



Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Etc. 89 

especially indebted for our success to an Englishman who writes for 
one of the poultry journals. We find his ideas work out all right." 

John S. McMillin, Roche Harbor, San Juan county, hatched 

out about 1,000 turkeys last year and brought about 700 to 

maturity. 

"We grow these birds primarily for breeding purposes, but of course 
sell our surplus upon the market, after using whatever is necessary 
for our hotel requirements. When properly and carefully handled, 
I think turkeys can be grown here very successfully and on a very 
profitable basis. It requires a great deal of patience and care when 
the birds are very small. After they are six or eight weeks old, how- 
ever, they are very hardy and easily handled. If suitable range is 
provided for them, they get most of their feed outside and can be 
grown at much less expense for feed than the larger varieties of 
chickens. The market for turkeys is nearly always good and par- 
ticularly about the holiday season. Prices are higher than for any 
other fowls that are grown." 

GEESE. 

A few geese will be found on nearly every poultry farm. 
However, not many are engaged in raising them to any great 
extent. W. D. Good, of Mt. Vernon, gives a representative 
statement of what can be done in developing this branch of 
industry : 

"I have been in the poultry business for about eight years. I have 
had about twenty varieties of poultry but find that Toulouse geese 
are the easiest and most profitable to raise. That is when a person is 
in the right location. They would not do well on a city lot with no 
water. I have several acres of waste land outside of the dike where 
they can go in the water and rustle their own living. Sometimes I 
keep them in the field with the hogs and other stock. 

"I can raise them to maturity at a cost of from twenty-five to fifty 
cents each and they bring me from $2.00 to $2.50 apiece in the 
market." 

J. W. Morris, a man of wide experience and manager of the 
chicken department of the Willow^s Poultry Ranch near Red- 
mond, says : 

"If you have plenty of pasture geese can be raised to advantage, 
for they will practically keep themselves until you are ready to fat- 
ten them. The Indian Runner ducks, too, will pay equally as well as 
chickens, for they are good layers. Chickens should clear outside of 
labor, from $1.50 to $2.00 per hen." 



90 



Poultry Raising in Washington 



OTHER FOWLS. 

Guinea fowls, pigeons, pea fowls, and pheasants are also 
raised, but can hardly be considered important as industries. 
Of these pigeons are in the lead, there being about 25,000 in 
the state, valued at about 35c each. Some encouragement has 
of late been given by some counties to the propagation of 
pheasants for game purposes. The future will probably see 
more development along this line. 



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Number and Value of Domestic Animals 



91 



Table Showing Number and Value of Domestic Animals in Wash- 
ington FOE THE Year 1891 and for the Years 1893-1905, Inclusive. 
Compiled from the Annual Reports of County Assessors to State 
Board of Equalization. 

(To get approximate actual values multiply valuation figures by 2%.) 





HORSES, MULES 


CATTLE 


SHEEP 


HOGS 


Year 


AND 


ASSES 














No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


1890 ... 


















1891 ... 

1892 .. 


168,013 


$6,439,733 


226,667 


$3,924,118 


240,459 


$482,374 


53,056 


$157,917 


1893 ... 


171,518 


5,192,986 


206,372 


2,980,845 


290,021 


580,042 


53,487 


187,211 


1894 ... 


162,933 


3,643,474 


190,470 


2,190,168 


286,487 


358,107 


67,782 


169,491 


1895 ... 


161,627 


2,693,113 


195,179 


2,414,728 


361,286 


328,768 


101,218 


207,498 


1896 ... 


155,485 


2,361,290 


211,009 


2,543,655 


446,989 


514,088 


113,631 


204,535 


1897 ... 


174,877 


2,022,818 


237,967 


2,561,620 


491,268 


491,268 


83,617 


125,426 


1896 ... 


171,965 


2,001,495 


229,395 


2,474,910 


508,324 


503,324 


56,853 


85,278 


1899 ... 


185,237 


2,421,558 


245,269 


2,943,228 


514,990 


772,474 


66,117 


132.234 


190O ... 


181,870 


2,399,968 


276,154 


3,313,848 


456,693 


685,046 


71,579 


143,158 


1901 ... 


216,328 


5,634,745 


343,913 


4,809,408 


569,068 


1,126,434 


83,954 


256,848 


1902 ... 


183,195 


4,321,290 


332,136 


5,313,904 


741,813 


1,257,768 


96,509 


289,527 


1903 ... 


189,243 


4,342,270 


380,295 


6,082,010 


687,724 


1,375,450 


105,738 


317,214 


1904 ... 


189,746 


4,279,430 


397,267 


5,887,085 


633,258 


949,493 


99,447 


298,341 


1905 ... 


210,716 


6,213,969 


406,569 


5,738,017 


525,770 


1,051,540 


96,196 


336.681 



Table Showing Number and Value of Domestic Animals in Wash- 
ington for the Years 1905-1911, Inclusive. Compiled from An- 
nual Reports of County Assessors to State Board of Equaliza- 
tion. 
(To get approximate actual values multiply valuation figures by 2i4-) 



Tear 


HORSES 
1, 2 and 3 years old 


WORK HORSES 


STALLIONS 


MULES AND 

ASSES 


No . Value 


No. j Value 


No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


1906 ... 

1907 ... 

1908 ... 

1909 ... 

1910 ... 

1911 ... 


82,971 
76,658 
82,563 
92,777 
93,207 
91,741 


$1,893,158 
1,729,431 
2,030,173 
2,491,680 
2,744,989 
2.736,403 


134,666 $6,232,622 
142,637 ! 7,197,932 
150,127 1 7,691,912 
154,947 1 8,499,447 
154,251 9,207,113 
160.396 1 9,227,107 


910 
1,201 
1,208 
1,050 
1,252 
1,231 


$272,500 
372,310 
319,815 
323,216 
304,839 
303,965 


4,157 
5,132 
6,179 
8,377 
9,630 
11,270 


$199,616 
256,600 
292.514 
444,900 
561,968 
643,044 









BULLS, KEPT 






STOCK CATTLE 


MILCH COWS 


FOR BREEDING 


STOCK SHEEP 


Tear 


1, 2 and 3 years old 




PURPOSES 


AND GOATS 


No. Value 


No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


1906 ... 


264,851 


$2,655,108 


133,706 


$2,654,120 


4,759 


$118,715 


489,244 


$1,101,400 


1907 ... 


209,926 


2,050,320 


137,539 


2,750,780 


4,526 


113,150 


478,925 


1,197,327 


1908 ... 


184,305 


1,893,945 


148,085 


2,926,806 


4,606 


93,944 


415,661 


961,785 


1909 ... 


166,960 


1,837,617 


149,449 


3,183,958 


4,514 


98,288 


396,329 


930,420 


1910 ... 


144,883 


1,752,867 


186,006 


3,145,034 


4,619 


101,553 


355,374 


805,079 


1911 ... 


120.524 


1,512,542 1 136,934 


3,140,412 


4,540 


103,248 ' 382,528 


776,178 



Tear 


SHEEP-BUCKS, 
KEPT EOR BREED- 
ING PURPOSES 


HOGS 


POULTRT 


Total 

assessed 
valuation 




No. 


Value 


No. 


Value 


Value 


livestock 


1906 


7,703 
7,895 
3,790 
7,20S 
4,033 
5,677 


$38,515 
39,475 

25^820 
15,664 
19,501 


81,904 
89,820 
109,910 
87,240 
77,073 
93.915 


$245,712 
381,744 
383,622 
330,619 
344,327 
432,656 


$189,245 
263,230 
268,947 
841,317 
342,563 
400,882 


$15,600,711 
16,352,299 
16,877,862 
18,507,282 
19,325,996 
19,295,888 


1907 


19(» . . . 


1909 


1910 


1911 



92 



Ntimber and Value of Domestic Animals 



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Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns 



LIST OF COUNTIES, CITIES, AND INCORPORATED TOWNS AND 

THEIR POPULATION AS GIVEN BY THE 1910 CENSUS 

REPORTS. 

(arranged according to counties.) 

Population for entire state 1,141,990 

GRANT COUNTY 8,698 

Coulee City 276 

Ephrata* 323 

Hartline 237 

Krupp 293 

Quincy 264 

Warden 739 

Wilson Creek 405 



ADAMS COUNTY 

Cunningham 


10,920 

308 


Hatton 


161 


Lind . . 


831 


Othello 


Ritzville* 


1,859 


Washtucna 


300 



ASOTIN COUNTY 5,831 

Asotin * 820 

Clarkston 1,257 

BENTON COUNTY ' 7,937 

Kennewick 1,219 

Prosser* 1,298 

Richland 721 

CHEHALIS COUNT 1 35,590 

Aberdeen 13,060 

Cosmopolis 1,132 

Elma 1,532 

Hoquiam : 8,171 

Montesano* 2,488 

Oakville 465 

Ocosta 127 

CHELAN COUNTY 15,104 

Cashmere 625 

Chelan 682 

Lakeside 222 

Leavenworth 1,551 

Wenatchee* 4,050 

CLALLAM COUNTY 6,755 

Port Angeles* 2,286 

CLARKE COUNTY 26,115 

Camas 1,125 

LaCenter 

Ridgefield 

Vancouver* 9,300 

Washougal 456 

Yacolt 435 

COLUMBIA COUNTY 7,042 

Dayton* 2,389 

Starbuck 761 

COWLITZ COUNTY 12,561 

Castle Rock 998 

Kalama* 816 

Kelso 2,039 

Woodland 384 

DOUGLAS COUNTY 9,227 

Bridgeport 431 

Mansfield 

Waterville* 950 

FERRY COUNTY 4,800 

Republic* 999 

FRANKLIN COUNTY 5,153 

Connell 877 

Kahlotus 132 

Pasco* 2,083 

GARFIELD COUNTY 4,199 

Pataha 176 

Pomeroy* 1,605 



ISLAND COUNTY 4,704 

Coupeville* 310 



JEFFERSON COUNTY 
Port Townsend* . . . 



. 8,337 

. 4,181 

KING COUNTY 284,638 

Auburn 957 

Bothell 599 

Issaquah 628 

Kent 1,908 

Kirkland 532 

North Bend 299 

Pacific 413 

Renton 2,740 

Seattle* 237,194 

Skykomish 238 

Snoqualmie 279 

Tukwila 361 

KITSAP COUNTY 17,647 

Bremerton 2,993 

Charleston 1,062 

Port Orchard* 682 

Poulsbo 364 

KITTITAS COUNTY 18,561 

Cle Elum 2,749 

Ellensburg* 4,209 

Roslyn 8,126 

South Cle Elum 

KLICKITAT COUNTY 10,180 

Goldendale* 1,203 

White Salmon 682 

LEWIS COUNTY 32,127 

Centralia 7,311 

Chehalis* 4,507 

Little Falls 631 

Pe Ell . 838 

Toledo 375 

Winlock 1,140 

LINCOLN COUNTY .....;.. 17,539 

Almira 368 

Creston 308 

Davenport* 1,229 

Harrington 661 

Odessa 885 

Reardan 527 

Sprague 1,110 

Wilbur 757 

MASON COUNTY 5,156 

Shelton* 1,163 

OKANOGAN COUNTY 12,887 

Brewster 296 

Conconully* 357 



♦County seat. 



Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns 



95 



LIST OF COUNTIES, CITIES, AND INCORPORATED TOWNS AND 

THEIR POPULATION AS GIVEN BY THE 1910 CENSUS 

REPORTS.— Concluded. 



OKANOGAN COUNTY — Cont. 

Okanogan 611 

Omak 911 

Oroville 495 

Twisp 227 

PACIFIC COUNTY 12,532 

Ilwaco 664 

Raymond 2,450 

South Bend* 3,023 

PEND OREILLE €OUNTY f 

lone 634 

Metaline Falls 238 

Newport* 1,199 

PIERCE COUNTY 120,812 

Buckley 1,272 

Dupont 

Eaton ville 754 

Milton 448 

Orting 799 

Puyallup 4,544 

Roy 315 

Ruston 780 

South Prairie 264 

Steilacoom 430 

Sumner 892 

Tacoma* 83,743 

Wilkeson 899 

SAN JUAN COUNTY 3,603 

Friday Harbor* 400 

SKAGIT COUNTY 29,241 

Anacortes 4,168 

Burlington 1,302 

Concrete 945 

Hamilton 405 

LaConner 603 

Lyman 441 

McMurray 563 

Mount Vernon* 2,381 

Sedro Woolley 2,129 

SKAMANIA COUNTY 2,887 

Stevenson* 387 

SNOHOMISH COUNTY 59,209 

Arlington 1,476 

Edmonds 1,114 

Everett* 24,814 

Gold Bar 246 

Granite Falls 714 

Index 417 

Marysville 1,239 

Monroe ' 1,552 

Snohomish 3,244 

Stanwood 544 

Sultan 576 

SPOKANE COUNTY 139,404 

Cheney 1,207 

Deer Park 875 

Fairfield 308 

Hillyard 3,276 



SPOKANE COUNTY— Con*. 

Latah 339 

Medical Lake 1,730 

Rockford 663 

Spangle 299 

Spokane* 104,402 

Waverly 318 

STEVENS COUNTY 25,297 

Chewelah 823 

Colville* 1,512 

Kettle Falls 377 

Ivlarcus 481 

Northport 476 

Springdale 251 

THURSTON COUNTY 17,581 

Bucoda 855 

Olympia* 6,996 

Tenino 1,038 

Tumwater 490 

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY .... 3,285 

Cathlamet* 352 

WALLA WALLA COUNTY.. 31,931 

Prescott 502 

Waitsburg 1,237 

Walla Walla* 19,364 

WHATCOM COUNTY 49,511 

Bellingham* 24.298 

Blaine 2,289 

Ferndale 691 

Lynden 1,148 

Sumas 902 

WHITMAN COUNTY 33,280 

Albion 

Colfax* 2,783 

Colton 393 

Elberton 330 

Endicott 474 

Farmington 489 

Garfield 932 

Lamont 

Maiden 798 

Oakesdale 882 

Palouse 1,549 

Pullman 2,602 

Rosalia 767 

St. John 421 

Tekoa 1,694 

Uniontown 426 

YAKIMA COUNTY 41,709 

Grandview 320 

Granger 453 

Mabton 666 

North Yakima* 14,082 

Sunnyside 1,379 

Toppenish 1,598 

Wapato 400 

Yakima City 263 

Zilla 979 



♦County seat. 

tOrganized in 1911 ; previously a part of Stevens county. 








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